a reducing agent is

an oxidising agent is

oxidation states are sometimes called

uncombined elements have oxidation states that =

the oxidation states of group 1 are

group 2 elements have an oxidation state of

aluminium

Fluorine have an oxidation state of

hydrogen has an oxidation state of

oxygen has an oxidation state of

the oxidation number of Cl is

the sum of all the oxidation states in a compound =

the sum of the oxidation states of a complex ion =

complex ions are

the symbol for sulphate (IV) ions is

the symbol for sulphate(VI) ion is

to check if something is balance, look

what are half cells?

the equation of zinc in sulfate solution

if the metal gains a negative charge

if we measure the potential, it would tell us

how potential difference (V) cannot be measured directly so what do we do?

what is a salt bridge?

why do we have a salt bridge?

draw the setup of a zinc electrode and a copper electrode together

is one electrode is more negative than the other then it tells us that

electrons flow from

the left electrode is always the

we can do half equations at each electrode, to show

if we want to compare the tendency of different metals to release electrons we must have a

describe the standard hydrogen electrode

platinum is used because

the potential of the standard hydrogen electrode is defined as

is the standard hydrogen electrode is connected to another electrode, the measured voltage, called the electromotive force (emf) is...

draw the diagram for the standard hydrogen electrode

electrodes with a negative emf are

changing the conditions, such as concentrations of ions, or temperature of an electrode...

a list of emf values for metal/metal ion standard electrodes is given in a table called

to get the overall emf between two metal you do the calculation

cell representation =

a vertical line in cell representation indicates

a double vertical line in cell representation is

this shows what happens at the two electrodes when they're not connected

Zn2+(aq) + 2e- <--> Zn(s) emf = -0.76v

Cu2+(aq) + 2e- <--> Cu(s) emf = +0.34v

what happens to the half equations when they are connected?

what is the overall equation and state whether it's feasible.

then show reverse of the equation and state if it's feasible

what does NO P.R stand for?

the half-equations in the electrochemical series are always written as

when two half equations are put together, which ones goes in the direction of oxidation

when two half equation are put together which ones goes in the direction of reduction?

the emf of a cell =

the emf of the standard hydrogen electrode =

when measuring the electrode potentials using a standard hydrogen electrode, it is important to do it under

in a standard hydrogen cell, hydrogen gas is bubbled into a

what type of electrode is used in a standard hydrogen electrode

electrons flow through the wire in a cell, from

platinum is used because

how easily a metal oxidises depends

in a cell representation, the reduced species goes

the more reactive metal is the one

the more reactive the non-metal is the one that

when predicting the outcome of reactions, what are the steps?

two types of non-rechargeable batteries are

Non -rechargeable batteries use what type of reaction

Non -rechargeable batteries are used in gadgets that

the negative electrode in a zinc-carbon dry cell is

the positive electrode in the zinc-carbon cell is

the electrolyte in the zinc-carbon cell is

the half-equations for the zinc-carbon cell are

draw the diagram of the zinc-carbon cell

half-equations have non-reversible arrows because

half equations in non-rechargeable batteries can be made reversible under the right conditions but...

another reason why the zinc-carbon electrode cannot be recharged is because

rechargeable batteries are recharged

A type of rechargeable battery is

rechargeable batteries are done by

lead acid batteries are used in

lead acid batteries consist of

each lead acid cells consists of

the positive plate in a lead acid batter is made up of

the negative plate in a lead acid battery is made up of

when discharging in a lead acid battery, which direction does the electrons move

show the equation for the reaction that occurs at the lead plate

show the equation that occurs at the lead-dioxide coated plate

portable batteries are also

there are two types of disposable batteries

which battery is more expensive, zinc-carbon one, or nickel/cadium one?

to recharge the nickel/cadium and the lithium ion batteries, what do we need to do?

why is it possible to recharge these batteries

the pros of a non-chargeable battery are..

the cons of non-rechargeable batteries is...

what is an electrolyte is a

the alternative to burning hydrocarbons for fuel is..

a fuel cell consists of

the half equations for a fuel cell are

the diagram for a fuel cell is

the only emission from a fuel cell is

although hydrogen seems green it isn't