Wk 10- Introduction to Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry

Pregunta 1 de 50

1

What are the “building blocks” for protein macromolecules?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Amino acids
Polysaccharides

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 50

1

What are the “building blocks” for polysaccharides?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

monosaccharides
glucose

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 50

1

What are the “building blocks” for nucleic acids?

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nucleotides
glucose

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 50

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A nucleotide consists of three things:

- A nitrogenous base, which can be either adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine (in the case of RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil).
- A five-carbon sugar, called deoxyribose because it is lacking an oxygen group on one of its carbons.
- One or more phosphate groups.

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Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 50

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What are the “building blocks” for lipid aggregates?

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Fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acids and omega 3

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 50

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What macromolecule/s can be made up of branched chains?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 50

1

How many standard amino acids are there?

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20
6

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 50

1

How do the standard amino acids differ from one another?

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Side (R) groups
Proteins

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 50

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Amino acids can be classified according to their R group. Why might it be useful to use this classification? (Hint, might some amino acids with similar R groups have similar properties?)

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R group differentiates amino group. L and D stereoisomers determine chiralty
R group differentiates lipid group. L and R stereoisomers determine chiralty

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 50

1

What does it mean if something is Chiral?

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The property of having a 'left' and 'right' form of a molecule/compound. They cannot be superimposed on each other as they are not 'identical'
The property of having completely identical forms of a molecule/compound. They can be superimposed on each other as they are 'identical'

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 50

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Enantiomers are chiral molecules that are mirror images of one another. Furthermore, the molecules are non-superimposable on one another. This means that the molecules cannot be placed on top of one another and give the same molecule. Chiral molecules with one or more stereocenters can be enantiomers.

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Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 50

1

What does the L and D in amino acids stand for?

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The L in front of an amino acid is a shortened scientific notation for “levorotatory', the D means 'dextrorotatory'. The terms dextrorotatory and levorotatory refer to an optical property that can be observed and measured in a laboratory, by shining a beam of polarized light through a medium containing the substance.
The L in front of an amino acid is a shortened scientific notation for “levorous', the D means 'dextrous'. The terms dextrous and levorous refer to an optical property that can be observed and measured in a laboratory, by shining a beam of polarized light through a medium containing the substance.

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 50

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Levorotatory is (of a compound) having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the left, i.e. anticlockwise facing the oncoming radiation.

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Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 50

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Levorotatory is (of a compound) having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the right, i.e. anticlockwise facing the oncoming radiation.

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Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 50

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Dextrorotatory (of a compound) is having the property of rotating the plane of a polarized light ray to the right, i.e. clockwise facing the oncoming radiation.

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Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 50

1

What is a peptide bond?

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less than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence
more than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 50

1

Explain why amino acids are important.

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Amino acids are a source of energy, they contribute about 10-15% of metabolic energy and are precursors to other important biomolecules
Although Amino acids are not a source of energy, they contribute about 5-10% of cattabolic energy and occasionally are precursors to other important biomolecules

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 50

1

Select Three examples of important Disaccharides.

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose
Fructose

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 50

1

How is Diabetes mellitus diagnosed?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Blood glucose test
Glycosuria test

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 50

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Select the Four major roles of Protein.

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Plays a role in immunity, growth, regulation of genes and communication (hormones, cells)
Generates movement in cells and tissues (e.g. myosin in muscle) and structural support
Breaks down covalent bonds and transforms one chemical into another (e.g. enzymes)
Carries and stores small molecules or ions (e.g. haemoglobin carrying oxygen)
Prevents urine incontinence, hair growth and eye function

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 50

1

Give an example of important Monosaccharides

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

D-Glucose, D-Fructose, D-Ribose
D-Glucose, D-Fructose, D-Lactose

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 50

1

Select three (3) major functions of lipids.

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Storage - fuels, insulation, protection, heat production
Structural - biological membranes
Specific biological actions - Biological messengers - intracellular and extracellular, Co-factors for enzymes, Electron carriers and effectors
Storage - ATP, Warmth, Oxytocin

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 50

1

Select Four examples of lipid aggregates.

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

micelles
liposomes
membranes
lipoproteins
lysosomes

Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 50

1

Select four (4) of the major functions of carbohydrates in a cell

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

– structure
– nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
– cell to cell communication
- energy source
- makes up the cytoplasm

Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 50

1

What is Beer ’s Law?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

a more concentrated solution absorbs more light than a more dilute solution does.
a more diluted solution absorbs more light than a more concentrated solution does.

Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 50

1

What is Lambert’s Law?

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states that absorbance of a material sample is directly proportional to its thickness
states that absorbance of a material sample is irregardless of its thickness

Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 50

1

What is the combined Lambert-Beer Law?

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As the light passes through a solution, the intensity of light transmitted decrease, exponentially with increasing path length (lamberts law) and with increasing concentration of the absorbing substance (Beers law)
As the light passes through a solution, the intensity of light transmitted decrease, exponentially with increasing path length (lamberts law) and with decreasing concentration of the absorbing substance (Beers law)

Explicación

Pregunta 28 de 50

1

Lipids may not be considered true macromolecules because of their structure. Briefly explain.

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Because individual monomers (fatty acids) are not covalently bound to each other in a macromolecular structure
individual monomers (fatty acids) are not ionic compounds to each other in a macromolecular structure

Explicación

Pregunta 29 de 50

1

Can two sugar molecules have different configurations despite having the same molecular formula?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Yes - because of stereoisomers
No - because there is no such thing

Explicación

Pregunta 30 de 50

1

Is it more convenient to use Absorbance or Transmittance to determine the concentration of a substance?

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Transmittance - The difference between the intensity of the incident light beam Io and the intensity of the light transmitted by the solution It
Absorbance - The difference between the intensity of the incident light beam Io and the intensity of the light transmitted by the solution It

Explicación

Pregunta 31 de 50

1

What is the general structure of an amino acid

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

alpha (α) carbon, carboxyl group, amino group, ‘R’ group
alpha (α) hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group, ‘R’ group

Explicación

Pregunta 32 de 50

1

Explain the term Diabetes mellitus

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high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
low blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.

Explicación

Pregunta 33 de 50

1

Spectrophotometers can be used to measure the absorbance of light of a particular wavelength by a certain material. What is meant by the term absorbance?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

The amount of light absorbed by the material used depending on thickness
The amount of light unabsorbed by the material used depending on thickness

Explicación

Pregunta 34 de 50

1

Why is the selection of optimal analytical wavelength important for spectrophotometric measurement?

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Because different compounds absorb light at different wavelengths, a spectrophotometer can be used to distinguish compounds by analyzing the pattern of wavelengths absorbed by a given sample.
Because some compounds do not absorb light at different wavelengths, therefore a spectrophotometer can not be used to distinguish compounds by analyzing the pattern of wavelengths absorbed by a given sample.

Explicación

Pregunta 35 de 50

1

List two examples of terms that describe different secondary structures that can be found in proteins.

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Final folded form of the protein.
α-helix, β-sheet and Turns

Explicación

Pregunta 36 de 50

1

What is meant by the term 'Protein Primary Structure'

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Linear sequence of amino acids.
Folds, Helices and Strands

Explicación

Pregunta 37 de 50

1

What is meant by the term 'Protein Secondary Structure'

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Secondary protein structure is the general 3-dimensional form of local segments of a protein. The most common secondary structures are alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.
This process happens in the nucleus. In the cytoplasm, ribosomes will interact with the transcript and create a protein (polypeptide) from individual amino acids.

Explicación

Pregunta 38 de 50

1

What is meant by the term 'Protein Tertiary Structure'

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The general 3-dimensional form of local segments of a protein. The most common structures are alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.
Tertiary structures involve packaging and folding the secondary structures into compact globular regions called protein domains.

Explicación

Pregunta 39 de 50

1

What is meant by the term 'Protein Quaternary Structure'

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Protein quaternary structure is the number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits in a multi-subunit complex.
Amino acids form structures such as alpha helices, beta sheets, and random coils, which in turn fold on themselves

Explicación

Pregunta 40 de 50

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A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two amino acids

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Explicación

Pregunta 41 de 50

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Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space.

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Explicación

Pregunta 42 de 50

1

A codon is the sequence of 3 consecutive nucleotides on a DNA or RNA strand. It either codes for a specific amino acid in a polypeptide or terminates the polypeptide chain

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Explicación

Pregunta 43 de 50

1

peptide = less than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence
polypeptide or protein = more than 50 amino acids in the linear sequence

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Explicación

Pregunta 44 de 50

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Protein Structure

❌
Linear sequence of amino acids.

❌
Backbone of the polypeptide chain folds into regular geometric structures.
• α-helix
• β-sheet
• Turns

❌
Final folded form of the protein.
The native form of the protein.

❌
Association of two, or more, polypeptide tertiary structures.
e.g.haemoglobin is comprised of two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

Primary structure

Quaternary structure

Tertiary structure

Secondary structure

Explicación

Pregunta 45 de 50

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Lipids are composed of relatively simpler smaller molecules and they can form very large structures through non covalent associations

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Explicación

Pregunta 46 de 50

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Unsaturated lipids have a double bond

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Explicación

Pregunta 47 de 50

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When lipids are placed in an aqueous solvent, they cluster together forming microscopic lipid aggregates. In a lipid aggregate, the hydrophobic component of lipids are in contact with each other, while the polar head groups are in contact with the aqueous solvent.

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Explicación

Pregunta 48 de 50

1

Carbohydrate– ‘hydrate of carbon ’ Cn H2nOn (where n ≥3)

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Explicación

Pregunta 49 de 50

1

Oligosaccharides:
- 2 to 20 monosaccharides
-polysaccharides - ≥20 monosaccharides

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Explicación

Pregunta 50 de 50

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Carbohydrate - structure
• General name
– according to number of carbons eg. trioses, tetroses,
pentoses, hexoses, heptoses
– according to type: aldose or ketose
• Aldoses
– aldehyde group in the structure
• Ketoses
– ketone group in the structure

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	Creado por Jessica Bulley hace más de 6 años