Endoplasmic reticulum (transport and processing of proteins and lipids), a network of flattened, interconnected membranes. It provides a connection of pathways between the nucleus and the cell's environment, allowing intra-cellular transport. The immense folding of the sheets of membrane increases its surface area.

Rough ER; folds and processes proteins made by the cell and it can also synthesis lipids.

Smooth ER; the main site of lipid production, essential for membrane repair and manufacture.

Ribosomes (protein synthesis), small organelles that are made of chemicals RNA and protein, and they are the 'machinery' that carries out the genetically coded instructions of DNA to produce any proteins necessary for cell functioning and structure.

Golgi bodies (packaging and sorting the products), made up of flat membranes, and is responsible for the processing, packaging and sorting of cell products. Involves adding proteins and carbohydrates the products to package them, ready to be transported where required.

Lysosomes (digestion and destruction), special organelles found in the cytoplasm of animal cells. They are formed in the golgi body, and contain digestive enzymes that are responsible for splitting complex chemical compounds into simpler ones. It is a deliberate action by the cell to destroy old and damaged cells.

Mitochondria (cellular respiration), produces energy in the form of energy-rich molecules by the process of cellular respiration. Rod shaped but may be round, they vary in both shape and size. Mitochondria are smaller than the nucleus and chloroplasts but larger than ribosomes. They combine oxygen with sugars during the process of cellular respiration to release energy in a form (ATP) that the cell can use.

Vacuoles (storage and support), large, permanent, fluid-filled sacs in the cytoplasm of plant cells. Besides having a storage function, vacuoles play a very important role in providing support to plant cells.

Chloroplasts (photosynthesis)

Plant cell wall (shape and support)

Centrioles (spindle production of cell division)

Cytoskeleton (keeps organelles in place)

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Chapter 2; Cell structure