Brain tumours can be described as supratentorial and infratentorial based on their position in relation to the
Which benign brain tumour of the pituitary gland is known to cause bitemporal hemianopia in children due to compression of the optic chiasm?
One of the main red flags for a brain tumour is a headache which is worse in the morning at night during exercise( in the morning, at night, during exercise )
Whilst an intrinsic brain tumour affects the brain itself, an extrinsic brain tumour affects which of the following 2 structures?
Bone
Meninges
Spinal cord
Nasal cavity
Cushing's triad is a series of signs/symptoms that are indicative of possible impending fatal herniation of the brain. What are the constituents of this triad?
Systolic Hypertension
Bradycardia
Tachycardia
Decreased, Irregular Breathing
Hyperventilation
Hypotension
A patient showing signs of Cushing's triad should be immediately rushed to surgery for decompression. Which diuretic drug should be given in the meantime to ensure they don't pass away before reaching theatre?
A patient with a known brain tumour is unable to perform three separate motor functions in a row (such as rock, paper, scissors). It is likely their tumour is affecting which part of the brain?
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Insular lobe
Which are the main two imaging modalities for brain tumour diagnosis?
CT
MRI
X-ray
Ultrasound
PET scan
Angiogram
What is the most common type of brain tumour?
Metastases from cancer process elsewhere in the body
Meningiomas
Neuroepithelial tissue cancers
Nerve sheath cell cancers
Neuroepithelial tissue brain tumours can arise from any of the following cell types, however which is the most common?
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Neuronal cells
Pineal cells
There are 4 3 5( 4, 3, 5 ) WHO gradings of astrocytic tumours
The only truly benign astrocytoma is...
Grade I astrocytoma
Grade II astrocytoma
Grade III astrocytoma
Grade IV astrocytoma
Of all astrocytomas, which most commonly occur in children?
What is the most typical mode of treatment for a grade I astrocytoma?
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Low grade astrocytomas are also known as
What tends to be the main presentation of low grade astrocytomas?
Headaches
Seizures
Diplopia
Nausea+Vomiting
Low grade (Grade II) astrocytomas tend to affects people over under( over, under ) 50
Low grade astrocytomas don't tend to differentiate into higher grade tumours (Grade III/IV) and therefore surgery is not recommended. Instead, serial imaging and potential chemo/radiotherapy is the mainstay of treatment.
Of the malignant astrocytomas, which is by far the most common?
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Grade III Astrocytoma = ❌ Grade IV Astrocytoma = ❌
Which treatment has been proven to be most effective in treating brain tumours?
Chemotherapy alone
Radiotherapy alone
Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Combination
Meningiomas are the most common benign malignant( benign, malignant ) intracranial tumour. They arise from arachnoid dura pia( arachnoid, dura, pia ) cap cells in the meninges.
There are four aggressive meningiomas. What are they?
Clear Cell Meningioma
Chordoid Meningioma
Rhabdoid Meningioma
Papillary Meningioma
Sphenoid Meningioma
Intraventricular Meningioma
How are meningiomas typically managed?
A nerve sheath tumour originating in the myelin producing cells of the PNS is called a
A is a tumour of the myelin forming cells of the 8th cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve).
Vestibular Schwannomas tend to occur in patients with the condition Neurofibromatosis Type II Neurofibromatosis Type I( Neurofibromatosis Type II, Neurofibromatosis Type I )
The most common CNS germ cell tumour is...
Germinoma
Teratoma
Yolk sac Tumour
Choriocarcinoma
There are 3 main tumour markers for germ cell tumours. Therefore, in a child with a midline brain tumour which 3 markers should be tested for?
Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP)
Human Choriogonadotrophin (bHCG)
Placental Alkaline Phosphatase (pALP)
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CA)
CA-125 Protein
Which type of drug can be used to shrink a Prolactinoma?
Dopamine Receptor Agonist
Dopamine Receptor Antagonist
Somatostatin Analogue
Name the dopamine receptor agonist used most frequently to shrink Prolactinomas
The main therapy of choice for Acromegaly is the use of Analogues
Which of the following is a somatostatin analogue that can be used to treat acromegaly?
Octreotide
Lansoprazole
Pramipexole
Metyrapone
Tumour markers in germ cell tumours: AFP present = ❌ Beta-hCG present = ❌ PLAP present = ❌