Aortic Stenosis

What is AS?

As the disease progresses, narrowing is reflected by a____ in valve area;___ jet velocity
and ___ pressure gradient

Is AS more common in females and males

AS is a LV______ overload

what is the etiology of AS

What are the secondary changes that happen with AS

When is calcific degenerative As most common?

what are some 2D findings of degenerative
calcific/senile AS

True or false
Calcium is echogenic

true or false
It may be difficult to identify bicuspid valve with advanced calcification

True or false
A bicuspid Ao valve will become stenotic earlier and is more vulnerable to calcium infiltration

What is a normal finding on M-mode with AS

What is congenital AS

When congenital AS when do the symptoms normally appear?

What are some 2D findings of Congenital AS

what is a raphe?

What is an M-mode finding of a bicuspid aortic valve

What is aortic coarctation?

what type of Doppler pattern do you see with aortic coarctation?

Where does Rheumatic disease strike first?

When is Rheumatic AS able to be diagnosed?

True or false
Rheumatic AS results in commissural fusion

Rheumatic AS will have 2D images similar to what disease

What formula is used in the cath lab to calculate AVA

what will a pressure waveform look like with AS

Which will be higher with AS the peak gradient or the mean gradient?

What measurements correlate well between the cath lab and echo?

true or false
Failure to align beam parallel to flow will result in underestimating disease

Which transducer should be used when performing a Doppler exam on a patient with AS?

What will the Doppler signal look like for AS?

How many beats do you average for VTI?

Which views are best for using a non imaging trx

How do you differentiate doppler signals between AS, TR and MR?

true or false
With AS acceleration time is longer

what is the greatest source of error between sonographers?

What do you report on a patient with AS

How do you use planimetry for AS

Problems with planimetry of the AV

When could you use Aortic Valve Index?

Prosthetic Valves are indicated in?

what are the two types of prosthetic valves?

What is a heterograft or xenograft?

what is an auto-graft?

what is a homograft or allograft?

Advantages of Bio prosthetic valves

Disadvantages of Bio Prosthetic valves

What is another name for the Ball and Cage Valve?

What is another name for the Tilting disc valve?

what is another name for the bi leaflet valve

what are some complications of mechanical valves?

what is dehiscence?

what is pannus?

What will be listed on a patient identification card?