Learning point: A good way to remember layers of the cranium is with the acronym SCALP ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌ ❌
The central structure of a eukaryotic neuron responsible for producing rRNA is called the
Acute neuronal injury, whereby hypoxia/ischaemia causes irreversible damage to the neuronal cell (loss of nucleolus, etc) is known as ...
Red neuron
White neuron
Yellow neuron
The most important histological indicator of CNS injury is .
Gliosis is acute hyperplasia hypoplasia( hyperplasia, hypoplasia ) and hypertrophy atrophy( hypertrophy, atrophy ) of glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia) and is a major indicator of CNS damage.
Which type of glial cell is typically damaged as part of demyelinating conditions such as multiple sclerosis?
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Astrocytes
Microglia
The immune mediators of the CNS are called ...
Natural Killer cells
Are brain infarctions more frequently embolic or thrombotic?
Embolic
Thrombotic
Cerebral infarction (due to e.g. thrombosis or emboli) is more prevalent in women than men.
Differentiate thrombotic from embolic cerebral infarction: Thrombotic Embolic( Thrombotic, Embolic ) = Atherosclerotic segment formed in the arteries of the brain Embolic Thrombotic( Embolic, Thrombotic ) = Substance formed elsewhere in the body (commonly internal carotid, aortic arch or heart) that travels to the brain in the blood and becomes lodged, thus causing infarction.
Venous thrombi (red thrombi) typically form via blood stasis in which bodily organ? The
Would this cause an embolic or thrombotic cerebral infarction? cerebral infarction
In which artery of the brain is a thrombus most likely to form?
Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Approximately 48 hours after a cerebral infarct, neutrophils are no longer the predominant cell type. What is the dominant cell type? cells
In terms of Haemorrhagic infarcts, match the site of lesion to the clinical findings. ❌: Contralateral weakness or sensory loss. If dominant hemisphere may experience aphasia/apraxia ❌: Weakness predominantly contralateral face and arm ❌: Weakness and sensory loss in contralateral leg ❌: Vertigo, Ataxia, Dysarthria, Dysphagia, among other brain stem syndromes
Which clinical condition is the biggest risk factor for stroke?
Hypertension typically predisposes to which type of stroke?
Total Anterior Circulation Syndrome
Partial Anterior Circulation Stroke
Posterior Circulation Syndrome
Lacunar Stroke
What is the most common type of stroke? stroke
Intracerebral haemorrhages most typically occur in the ...
Basal Ganglia
Thalamus
Cerebellum
What are the most common vascular malformations?
Cavernous angiomas
Venous angiomas
Capillary telangiectases
Arteriovenous malformations
Arteriovenous Malformations... Involve shunting from artery to vein vein to artery( artery to vein, vein to artery ), leading to formation of easily ruptured smooth muscle and aneurysms Typically occur in the territory of the middle anterior posterior( middle, anterior, posterior ) cerebral artery
Subarachnoid haemorrhages most typically occur due to rupture of aneurysms. 90% of subarachnoid haemorrhages occur in the territory of the artery.
