The first step of the pain perception pathway involves the sensation of a noxious stimulus and the subsequent transmission of the painful signal. This process is known as

When a painful injury occurs, it’s not just those tissues that are directly damaged that stimulate pain receptors. Over time nearby cells become excessively sensitized and therefore are easily stimulated to detect pain. The resulting throbbing pain found areas near an injury are because of tissue ______________.

Which opioid receptor is primarily responsible for the profound analgesia that is characteristic of these narcotics?

Which of the opioids is considered the standard to which all other opioids are compared in terms of analgesic effects, which are resulting from its primary activity at the µ (mu) receptor?

Of the following, which is a correct when considering topical or transdermal fentanyl delivery to veterinary patients.

Buprenorphine is an opioid analgesic that is considered to have both agonist and antagonist opioid receptor effects, which allows for the benefit of providing a long duration of effect with fewer adverse effects compared to other drugs in this class. Buprenorphine exhibits agonistic activity at the ___________ receptor, and antagonistic activity at the _____________ receptor.

Several opioids such as butorphanol and buprenorphine exhibit a limited effect of analgesia regardless of the dose that is administered. This is a phenomenon called the ____________ effect.

Acepromazine is a commonly used phenylthiazine tranquilizer used often as a premedication in preparation for general anesthesia induction. Which of the following adverse effects has been discounted recently in regards to veterinary use?

Sedative drugs that are members of the alpha-2 agonists include xylazine and dexmedetomidine. What is the mechanism of action of these drugs at their specific adrenergic receptor?

All of the alpha-2 agonists exhibit both alpha-1 and alpha-2 activity to some degree. Rank the alpha-2 agonists in order form those with the highest ratio of activity of alpha-2:alpha-1, to that with the lowest.

Another name for a pain receptor is

Modulation in the pain pathway is

By decreasing the inflammation process shortly after trauma

Two of the four known opioid receptors have the most significant in Veterinary medicine

Opioids are classified as mixed agonist/antagonists meaning

_____________ is the naturally derived opiate drug that is used primarily for its pain alleviating properties.

Having a greater potency than morphine means a drug used to reduce pain

Fentanyl:

Fentanyl transdermal patches

Fentanyl patches should be applied over the shoulder area of dogs and cats because

The ceiling effect of buprenorphine means

When discussing the subject of patient pain relief, it is important to understand the difference between analgesia and anesthesia. Analgesia involves the loss of _________, while anesthesia involves the loss of ________________.

Which of the following is not a commonly encountered effect elicited by dissociatives such as ketamine?

A client stumbled upon information that links the toxic compound contained in chocolate to a very similar medication that works to improve the function of the respiratory tract. His pet pug has been experiencing difficulty breathing lately while sleeping, and the client is considering giving his dog some milk chocolate before bed each night. Why is this a bad idea?

After assisting with the delivery of a malpositioned calf, it is noticed that the Holstein newborne is not breathing properly. A drug that works by direct stimulation of the midbrain respiratory center is administered, and this successfully restores the calf’s breathing. What is the name of this drug?