Motor System

Pregunta 1 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Three types of movements (antialphabetic):
- movements
- movements
-

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 55

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

The visuomotor delay is approximately ( 200, 250, 300, 150 ) ms.
The proprioceptive delay is approximately ( 50, 30, 80, 150 ) ms.

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Three things that make motor control difficult (alphabetic):
- uncertainty
- noise
- noise

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

The human body has "only" 600 muscles. Nonetheless motor control is very difficult, since the number of possible movement patterns increases with the .

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

The principle of means that there is a between high- and low-level specification. Any high level task can be achieved in many low level ways.

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

law describes the trade-off.

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

In simple grasping tasks the paths of hand movements are usually and the speed profiles are .

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

The two-thirds power law:
velocity ~ ^(2/3)

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Three levels of analysis:

(1) : What is the the brain is trying to solve?
(2) : What is the to solve this problem?
(3) : How is it done by the nervous system?

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 55

1

The forward model ❌ based on ❌.
The inverse model ❌ from ❌.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

predicts behaviour

motor commands

calculates motor commands

desired behaviour

predicts motor commands

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 55

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Feedforward (( open, closed )-loop) control:

Because of the delays in the sensorimotor system, open-loop control is used for ( short, long ) movements.
Disadvantages:
- ( Inaccuracies, Delays, Noise ) cannot be corrected
- ( Unexpected changes, Inaccuracies, Noise ) will not be taken into account

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 55

1

Rellena el espacio en blanco para completar el texto.

In order for feedforward control to be sufficient, the model would have to be perfect.

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 55

1

Feedback (closed-loop) control can compensate for errors due to

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

neural noise
unexpected changes in the outside world
inaccurate motor commands
the sensorimotor delay
proprioception

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 55

1

In an experiment, subjects are given 400g blocks and practice to lift them.
After training the weight is surprisingly increased to 800g.

The experiment shows the subjects use

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

feedforward control.
feedback control.
both feedforward and feedback control.

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

The factor is the amount by which the motor command is increased or decreased per unit of error.

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 55

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

( High, Low ) gain and ( high, low ) sensorimotor delay can lead to ( overcompensation, too little compensation ) and ( instabilities, a stable motor command ).

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 55

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

An ( efference, afference ) copy is an internal copy of an outflowing (( efferent, afferent )), movement-producing signal generated by the motor system.

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Two strategies to compensate for sensory delays:
(1) of movements
(2)

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 55

1

Selecciona la opción correcta del menú desplegable para completar el texto.

The experiment where you move your eyeball with your hand and the world moves shows that the brain uses ( motor commands to the eye, sensors in the eye muscles ) in order to predict the eye's position.

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 55

1

What's the problem with using a forward model in feedback control to predict the position of a limb.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Errors accumulate over time.
Delay leads to instabilites.
Actually an inverse model would have to be used.

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 55

1

Which are the main structures of the CNS involved in motor control?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

pons
spinal cord: reflexes
brainstem: facial muscles
cerebral cortex as the generator
cerebellum
basal ganglia
medulla oblongata
hippocampus
dentate gyrus

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 55

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

A motor unit consists of ( a spinal motor neuron, a sensory interneuron, a pyramidal motor neuron ) and ( the muscle fibres that it innervates., the motor neurons it projects to., the disc in the spinal cord it projects )

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 55

1

Selecciona la opción correcta del menú desplegable para completar el texto.

A muscle is typically innervated by ( a few hundred, a few thousand, about 50, about 50.000 ) spinal motor neurons.

Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 55

1

Rellena el espacio en blanco para completar el texto.

The tells how many muscle fibres a motor neuron innervates.

Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 55

1

The innervation number

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

indicates the increment in force when the motor unit is activated.
can be very different for the same muscle.
is the same for all neurons that project to one muscle
indicates the speed by which the muscle is activated

Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 55

1

The muscle force is controlled by

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

recruitment (how many motor neurons of the unit fire)
the discharge rate of motor units
the innervation number of the motor unit
the axon diameter of the motor neuron

Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Motor units differ in and maximum .

Explicación

Pregunta 28 de 55

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Recruitment:

( Small, Large ) motor neurons are recruited first because of the ( high, low ) resistance within their axon.
They have a ( lower, higher ) innervation number and therefore produce ( less, more ) force.

Explicación

Pregunta 29 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Spinal reflexes are and triggered by .

Despite classical theory they can be quite flexible.

Explicación

Pregunta 30 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

The withdrawal from a painful stimulus is called reflex.

The muscle is activated and the muscle is inhibited.
This is called .
The opposite effect happens on the limb.

The force (does or does not) depend on the stimulus intensity.

Explicación

Pregunta 31 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

The stretch reflex is a in response to stretching within the muscle.
The antagonist muscle is inhibited, this is called .

The stretch reflex increases the of the muscle.

Explicación

Pregunta 32 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

The areas of the cerebral cortex that are used in motor control:

- (M1)
- (PM)
- (SMA)

Explicación

Pregunta 33 de 55

1

The motor cortices receive input from

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

the somatosensory cortex
the posterior parietal cortex
the temporal lobe
the cerebellum

Explicación

Pregunta 34 de 55

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

The motor homunculus is most detailed for the ( primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area ).

It disappears if you ( zoom in, zoom out ).

Explicación

Pregunta 35 de 55

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

The motor pathway to lateral motorneurons runs ( contralateral, ipsilateral ) and controls mainly ( distal muscles, nearby muscles ).
It includes the ( corticospinal tract, medial tract ).

The patway to medial motorneurons runs ( ipsilateral, contralateral ) and controls mainly ( stance and posture, fine movements, unconscious movements ).

Explicación

Pregunta 36 de 55

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

The corticospinal tract

The connections come from the cortical layer ( V, IV, III, II, I ).
Many of these connections terminate on spinal ( interneurons, medial neurons, projection neurons ).

Only ( M1, PM, SMA ) contains neurons projecting directly to spinal motor neurons. These cortical neurons are called ( corticomotorneurons, complex neurons ). Those neurons have only one synapse.

Explicación

Pregunta 37 de 55

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

The axons of corticomotorneurons terminate on ( spinal motor neurons, the muscle fiber ).

The can also influence other muscles via spinal ( interneurons, projection neurons, receptors ).

Most of the time the excite agonist muscles and inhibit antagonist ones.

Explicación

Pregunta 38 de 55

1

Rellena el espacio en blanco para completar el texto.

Reading information about the direction of a movement from several motor neurons is done via .

Explicación

Pregunta 39 de 55

1

Neuronal tuning with respect to movement means

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

that firing rates of cortical motor neurons correlate with parameters of movement, e.g. direction, velocity, acceleration, ...
that reinforcement learning can be applied to fine-tune execution of motor tasks.
that firing rates of cortical motor neurons are highly intercorrelated ("tuning each other")

Explicación

Pregunta 40 de 55

1

Different digits of the hand are controlled by sharply separated areas in M1.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

VERDADERO
FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 41 de 55

1

Four symptoms of cerebellar disorders:

❌: A diminished resistance to passive limb displacements.

❌: An inability to stand or walk.

❌: The abnormal execution of multijointed voluntary movements, characterized by lack of coordination.

❌: A form of tremor at the end of a movement, when the patient attempts to stop the movement by using antagonist muscles.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

Hypotonia

Astasia-abasia

Ataxia

Action tremor

Explicación

Pregunta 42 de 55

1

The basal ganglia are involved in

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

reinforcement motor learning
action selection
movement initiation
online motor control

Explicación

Pregunta 43 de 55

1

Relation between function and areas of the brain (hypothesis)

Arrastra la opción correcta a cada uno de los puntos naranjas

basal ganglia

motor cortex

parietal cortex

cerebellum

thalamus

prefrontal cortex

medulla oblongata

Explicación

Pregunta 44 de 55

1

The motor control loop

Arrastra la opción correcta a cada uno de los puntos naranjas

controller

state estimation

efference copy

sensory feedback

forward model

inverse model

gain

Explicación

Pregunta 45 de 55

1

?

Arrastra la opción correcta a cada uno de los puntos naranjas

Comparator

Sensed state

Input processing

Sensor

Forward model

Inverse model

Estimated state

Explicación

Pregunta 46 de 55

1

?

Arrastra la opción correcta a cada uno de los puntos naranjas

dynamic

predictive

sensory

correction

estimation

gain

Explicación

Pregunta 47 de 55

1

?

Arrastra la opción correcta a cada uno de los puntos naranjas

Desired state

Estimated state

Feedforward controller

Inverse controller

Motor command

State estimation

Actuator

Explicación

Pregunta 48 de 55

1

Optimal feedback control

Arrastra la opción correcta a cada uno de los puntos naranjas

position

weight

motor command

Explicación

Pregunta 49 de 55

1

?

Arrastra la opción correcta a cada uno de los puntos naranjas

Motor command

Sensory feedback and proprioception

State transition

State estimation

Forward model

Inverse model

Gain factor

Explicación

Pregunta 50 de 55

1

Selecciona la opción correcta del menú desplegable para completar el texto.

The forward-model is used at the ( beginning, end ) of movements.

Explicación

Pregunta 51 de 55

1

Rellena el espacio en blanco para completar el texto.

There are slow- and fast- muscle fibers.

Explicación

Pregunta 52 de 55

1

Rellena el espacio en blanco para completar el texto.

centers play an important role in modulating and adapting spinal reflexes, even to the extent of reversing movements when appropriate.

Explicación

Pregunta 53 de 55

1

Rellena el espacio en blanco para completar el texto.

Stretch reflex:
In addition to the muscle that is stretched muscles are contracted.

Explicación

Pregunta 54 de 55

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

M1: Brodman
PM & SMA: Brodman

Explicación

Pregunta 55 de 55

1

Motor areas

Arrastra la opción correcta a cada uno de los puntos naranjas

Posterior parietal cortex

Primary somatosensory cortex

Primary motor cortex

Premotor cortex

Supplementary motor area

	Creado por Lukas Paulun hace alrededor de 6 años

Master (From Membrane to Brain [Lecture]) Neuroscience Test sobre Motor System, creado por Lukas Paulun el 08/11/2018.

Motor System

Pregunta 1 de 55

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Three types of movements (antialphabetic): - movements - movements -

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 55

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

The visuomotor delay is approximately 200 250 300 150( 200, 250, 300, 150 ) ms. The proprioceptive delay is approximately 50 30 80 150( 50, 30, 80, 150 ) ms.

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 55

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Three things that make motor control difficult (alphabetic): - uncertainty - noise - noise

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 55

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

The human body has "only" 600 muscles. Nonetheless motor control is very difficult, since the number of possible movement patterns increases with the .

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 55

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

The principle of means that there is a between high- and low-level specification. Any high level task can be achieved in many low level ways.

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 55

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

law describes the trade-off.

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 55

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

In simple grasping tasks the paths of hand movements are usually and the speed profiles are .

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 55

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

The two-thirds power law: velocity ~ ^(2/3)

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 55

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Three levels of analysis: (1) : What is the the brain is trying to solve? (2) : What is the to solve this problem? (3) : How is it done by the nervous system?

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 55

The forward model ❌ based on ❌. The inverse model ❌ from ❌.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 55

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 55

Rellena el espacio en blanco para completar el texto.

In order for feedforward control to be sufficient, the model would have to be perfect.

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 55

Feedback (closed-loop) control can compensate for errors due to

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 55

In an experiment, subjects are given 400g blocks and practice to lift them. After training the weight is surprisingly increased to 800g. The experiment shows the subjects use

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 55

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

The factor is the amount by which the motor command is increased or decreased per unit of error.

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 55

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

High Low( High, Low ) gain and high low( high, low ) sensorimotor delay can lead to overcompensation too little compensation( overcompensation, too little compensation ) and instabilities a stable motor command( instabilities, a stable motor command ).

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 55

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

An efference afference( efference, afference ) copy is an internal copy of an outflowing (efferent afferent( efferent, afferent )), movement-producing signal generated by the motor system.

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 55

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Two strategies to compensate for sensory delays: (1) of movements (2)

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 55

Selecciona la opción correcta del menú desplegable para completar el texto.

The experiment where you move your eyeball with your hand and the world moves shows that the brain uses motor commands to the eye sensors in the eye muscles( motor commands to the eye, sensors in the eye muscles ) in order to predict the eye's position.

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 55

What's the problem with using a forward model in feedback control to predict the position of a limb.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Three types of movements (antialphabetic):
- movements
- movements
-

The visuomotor delay is approximately ( 200, 250, 300, 150 ) ms.
The proprioceptive delay is approximately ( 50, 30, 80, 150 ) ms.

Three things that make motor control difficult (alphabetic):
- uncertainty
- noise
- noise

The two-thirds power law:
velocity ~ ^(2/3)

Three levels of analysis:

(1) : What is the the brain is trying to solve?
(2) : What is the to solve this problem?
(3) : How is it done by the nervous system?

The forward model ❌ based on ❌.
The inverse model ❌ from ❌.

In an experiment, subjects are given 400g blocks and practice to lift them.
After training the weight is surprisingly increased to 800g.

The experiment shows the subjects use

( High, Low ) gain and ( high, low ) sensorimotor delay can lead to ( overcompensation, too little compensation ) and ( instabilities, a stable motor command ).

An ( efference, afference ) copy is an internal copy of an outflowing (( efferent, afferent )), movement-producing signal generated by the motor system.

Two strategies to compensate for sensory delays:
(1) of movements
(2)

The experiment where you move your eyeball with your hand and the world moves shows that the brain uses ( motor commands to the eye, sensors in the eye muscles ) in order to predict the eye's position.

A muscle is typically innervated by ( a few hundred, a few thousand, about 50, about 50.000 ) spinal motor neurons.

Recruitment:

( Small, Large ) motor neurons are recruited first because of the ( high, low ) resistance within their axon.
They have a ( lower, higher ) innervation number and therefore produce ( less, more ) force.

Spinal reflexes are and triggered by .

Despite classical theory they can be quite flexible.

The withdrawal from a painful stimulus is called reflex.

The muscle is activated and the muscle is inhibited.
This is called .
The opposite effect happens on the limb.

The force (does or does not) depend on the stimulus intensity.

The stretch reflex is a in response to stretching within the muscle.
The antagonist muscle is inhibited, this is called .

The stretch reflex increases the of the muscle.

The areas of the cerebral cortex that are used in motor control:

- (M1)
- (PM)
- (SMA)

The motor homunculus is most detailed for the ( primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area ).

It disappears if you ( zoom in, zoom out ).