There are about _______ genes that are involved in the development of the mammalian heart.
10
50
100
500
1000
All of the following are names of paired veins that drain into the primordial heart of a 4-week embryo except:
Pulmonary veins
Umbilical veins
Vitelline veins
Cardinal veins
The incidence of congenital heart defects is:
1/100 live births
1/200 live births
1/500 live births
The most common cause of an isolated congenital heart defect is:
Chromosome abnormality
Teratogen exposure
Sporadic/Multifactorial etiology
Maternal malnutrition
When a heart defect is seen on ultrasound there is an approximately _____% chance of a chromosome abnormality.
1%
10%
20%
50%
The _________________ is a structure that allows blood to be exchanged between the L and R atria during fetal life but after birth it functionally closes.
Ductus arteriosus
Septum secundum
Foramen ovale
Ductus venosus
Which of the following is NOT associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?
Pulmonary Stenosis
Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Overriding Aorta
Ventricular Septal Defect
Endocardial cushion defect
The most common type of congenital heart defect is:
Atrial Septal Defect
Tetralogy of Fallot
Coarctation of the Aorta
Patent ductus arteriosus is an acyanotic heart defect. When isolated it can cause clinical problems, however, when it occurs alongside/as part of the following defect it is a lifesaving anomaly.
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Tricuspid insufficiency
Which of the following cardiac anomalies can be congenital OR acquired?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Mitral valve prolapse
Aortic valve stenosis
Which of the following cyanotic heart defects is the most common cause of cyanosis in neonates?
Truncus arteriosus
Tricuspid Insufficiency
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
Select all of the paired veins that drain into the primordial heart of a 4 week embryo:
Cardinal Veins
Vitelline Veins
Umbilical Veins
Ductal Veins
Intersegmental arteries carry blood to the:
Primordial gut and eventually foregut, midgut and hindgut
Connecting stalk and become continuous with vessels in chorion
Somites and their derivatives
All of the following statements are true regarding atrial septal defects (ASDs) except:
They are more common in females than males.
The most common type of ASD is patent foramen ovale.
Endocardial cushion defects are often isolated and rarely associated with genetic conditions.
The most common ASD is well tolerated through childhood and may not present with symptoms until the 30s (pulmonary hypertension).
Sinus venosus defect and common atrium are rare types of ASDs.
All of the following statements are true regarding ventricular septal defects (VSDs) except:
They are more common in males than females.
The most common type of VSD is membranous VSD.
They account for about 25% of all congenital heart defects.
A small percentage (<5%) will spontaneously close within the first year of life while the rest require surgical correction.
Large VSDs with excessive pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary HTN can result in cardiac failure in infancy.
Which of the following congenital heart defects usually results in infant death within the first few weeks of life:
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Patent Foramen Ovale
Muscular VSD
Which of the following structures is NOT a fetal adaptation? (i.e. a structure that is necessary for fetal circulation/normal cardiac function but not for postnatal function)
The cardiovascular system is the first major system to function in the embryo.
Neural crest cells along with primordial heart cells work together to develop the fetal heart.
The inferior vena cava (IVC) is composed of 3 main segments and all of them are vitelline in nature (i.e. arising from the same embryonic tissue).
There are many physiological differences between fetal and neonatal circulation.
Cyanosis is an obvious sign of Tetralogy of Fallot, however it is not always present at birth.
If you identify a cystic hygroma/large NT measurement on ultrasound, most of the time it will be due to an underlying chromosome abnormality.
The three vessels of the umbilical cord originate from the same embryonic structure.
By the end of the 4th week circulation is no longer ebb-and-flow like and is instead moving in unidirectional flow.
Aortic valve stenosis is always a congenital anomaly and can be detected shortly after birth.
Cyanosis is an obvious sign of Tetralogy of Fallot, however, it is not always present at birth.
Several of the fetal blood vessels that are no longer required after birth remain as functional ligaments supporting their surrounding structures.
A baby’s heart beats at a rate about twice as fast of an average adult.
The tubular heart undergoes a -handed looping at approximately 23-28 days forming a D-loop that results in heart with apex pointing to the left.
The is one of the fetal adaptations; a structure resulting in the incomplete partition between the atria.
is an congenital heart defect associated with pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta, and ventricular septal defect.
The names of the AV valves (the valves separating the atria from their respective ventricles) are the and the valve.
Transposition of the great vessels is a common cause of cyanotic heart disease in neonates. What is an associated CHD that improves the outcome of infants with transposition of great vessels:
The most common type of atrial septal defect is
The 1st morphologic sign of gastrulation is the , which makes it possible to identify the craniocaudal axis, dorsal and ventral surfaces, and right and left sides.
The ligamentum venosum is the fibrous remnant of the of fetal circulation (i.e. one of the fetal adaptations). Usually it is attached to the left branch of the portal vein within the liver and may be continuous with the round ligament of the liver.
is a lymphatic defect that is associated with chromosomal aneuploidy and poor pregnancy outcomes.
