Functional antagonists of histamine are
corticosteroids
opoid analgesics
adrenalin
neuroepileptics
2nd generation H1-blockers are
Loratidine (Claritin)
Fexofenadine (Telfast)
Cetirizine (Zodac)
Dimenhydrinate (Vomacur)
H2-blockers are
Omeprazole (Sopral)
Ranitidine (Zantac)
Bismuth collodial (De-nol)
Famotidine (Famultran)
5-HT 1D agonists are
Sumatripan (Imigran)
Naratripan (Naramig)
5-HT3 antagonists is
Ondansetron (Zofran)
Clozapine (Leponex)
Desloratidine (Aerius)
What is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics?
they reversibly block activated sodium channels
they block the potassium channels
they block the conduction of action potentials along axons
they block the β-receptors in the cell membrane
Which one of the following local anesthetics causes vasoconstriction?
Lidocaine
Procaine
Cocaine
Mepivacaine
Cardiac glycosides are
Digoxin
Beta-methyldigoxin (Lanitop)
Digitoxin
Theophyllin
Pharmacologic effects of cardiac glycosides are
positive inotropic
negative chronotropic
negative dromotropic
positive batmotropic
What is the mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides?
stimulation of M-cholinoreceptors
inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase
inhibition of enzyme phosphodiesterase
an increase in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate
In the liver predominantly is mentioned
Acetyldigoxin
Digitalin (Digitoxin)
Symptoms of cardiac glycosides intoxication
loss of appetite, vomiting
muscle weakness, tremors
hallucinations, yellowish vision (xanthopsia)
ventricular extrasystoles, atrioventricular block
Antiarrhythmics of class III are
Propranolol
Amiodarone
Sotalol
Quinidine sulfate
Class IVA antiarrhytmics (calcium channel blockers) are
Diltiazem
Lidocain
Verapamil
The mechanism of action of antiarhytmics includes
affect the generation and induction/conduction of action potential in the heart
slow conduction of action potential
blocking of cholinesterase
changes in trsport of K+, Na+, or Ca++ ions
Contraindications for clinical use Amiodarone are
sinus bradycardia
sinus tachycardia
opthalmological diseases
thyroid gland dysfunction
Organic nitrates with rapid onset and short duration of action are:
Glyceryl trinitrate (Nitroglycerin)
Subiingual spray containing lsosorbide-dinitrat (lsoket spray)
Tablets containing Isosorbide-dinitrat (lsodinit)
Tablets containing Isosorbide-5-mononitrat (Monisid)
The mechanism of action of organic nitrates is related to:
release of nitric oxide
direct vasodilation
blocking the enzyme phosphodiesterase
activation of the enzyme adenilatcyclase
Adverse drug reactions of organic nitrates are:
tachycardia
tolerance
headache and flushing
hypertension
Dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers are:
Nifedipine
Felodipine
Adverse drug reactions of dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers are:
bradycardia
headache
swelling of the ankles
Adverse drug reactions of non-dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers are:
Bradycardia
Tachycardia
Constipation
Heart failure
Peripheral vasodilators phosphodiesterase inhibitors are:
Papaverini hydrochloridum
Pentoxifiyllin (Agapurin)
Cinnarizin (Stugeron)
Drotaverini (No-spa)
Pharmacological effects of Papaverin and Drotaverin are
vasodilation
platelet aggregation inhibition
antispasmodic
antianginal
Inhibitors of hydroxy-methylgIutaryl-CoA-reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) are:
Bezafibrate (Bezalip)
Atorvastatin (Sortis)
Simvastatin (Zooor)
Cholestyramine (Questran)
Mechanisms of action of statins are:
inhibit HMG-CoA-reductase
inhibits the deposition of cholesterol in the blood vessel wall
accelerate the elimination of cholesterol
inhibit the synthesis of Cholesterol and LDL
Adverse drug reactions of statins are:
gastrointestinal disorders
hepatotoxicity
myositis
What is the mechanism at action of Ezetimibe?
inhibits the synthesis of Cholesterol
inhibits the intestinal absorption of Cholesterol
enhances the elimination of Cholesterol
blocks the LDL receptors
Pharmacological effects of ACE inhibitors are:
antihypertensive
antiarrhythmic
regression of left ventricular hypertrophy
nephroprotective
Adverse drug reactions of ACE inhibitors are:
dry cough
hyperglycaemia
hyperkalemia
hypotension
Indications for clinical use of ACE inhibitors are:
heart failure
ventricular extrasystoles
acute angina attack
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists are:
Losartan
Enalapril
Valsartan
Telmisartan
Adverse drug reactions of β blockers are:
hypoglycaemia
bronchoconstriction
peripheral vascular spasms
Adverse drug reactions of thiazide diuretics are:
hypokalemia
hyperuricemia
α1-blockers are:
Prazosin (Minipress)
Enalapril (Renitec)
Doxazosin.(Cardura)
Diltiazem (Aldizem)
Adverse drug reactions of α1-blockers are:
orthostatic hypotension
retention of sodium and water
Indications for clinical use of α1-blockers are:
prostatic hypertrophy
angina pectoris
The site of action of loop diuretics is:
glomerulus
loop of Henle
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
Which of the following diuretics are thiazides?
Hydrochlorthiazide
lndapamide
Spironolactonum
Mannitol
Which of the following diuretics is an aldosterone receptor antagonist?
Triamteren
Furosemide
Spironolactone
Clinical indications for prescribing diuretics are
brain edema
diabetes mellitus
chronic heart failure
Adverse drug reactions of potassium - sparing diuretics are:
gynecomastia
ototoxicity
For Vitamin K is true:
participate as a cofactor in the biosynthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, X
exists in two natural forms - Vitamin K1 and K2
it is an antidote of heparin
it is used for prevention and treatment of bleeding associated with overdose of indirect anticoagulants
Indications for clinical use of fibrlnolytlcs are:
bleeding stomach ulcer
acute myocardial infarction
pulmonary thromboembolism
hemophilia
Adverse drug reactions of heparin are:
osteoporosis (by prolonged administration)
reversible alopecia
hemorrhage
allergic reactions
Antidote for heparin is:
Streptase (Streptokinase)
Sodium chloride
Protamin sulfas
Phytomenadione (Vit. K1)
What is the mechanism of action of Dabigatran?
inhibits factor Xa of coagulation
inhibits factor ll of coagulation
binds to anti-thrombin lll
oppose the action of Vitamin K
For indirect oral anticoagulants is true:
good oral absorption
their anticoagulant effect occurs only in vivo
their effect is delayed
their anticoagulant effect occurs only in vitro
Antiplatelet agents are:
Acidum p-aminomethylbenzoicum (PAMBA)
Clopidogrel (PIavix)
Dipyridamole (Antistenocardin)
Acidum acetylsalicylicum (Acetysal)
Adverse drug reactions of iron preparations for oral use are:
constipation
epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting
thrombosis
dark-colored gums and teeth
Which of the following groups are used to treat asthma?
B2-adrenergic agonists
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Butyrophenones
Leukotriene receptor antagonists
Which of the following drugs are phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Salbutamol
Theophylline
Aminophylline
Ketotifen
What is the mechanism of action at methylxantines?
they inhibit MAO
they inhibit acetylcholinesterase
they inhibit phosphodiesterase and increase the cAMP
they inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme
What are the adverse drug reactions of the inhaled corticosteroids:
dysphonia (hoarse voice)
oral candidiasis
hypertensive crisis
What are the potential adverse drug reactions of the systemic corticosteroids?
diabetes
obesity
osteoporosis
insomnia
Ipratropii bromidum (Atrovent) is:
leukotriene inhibitor
corticosteroid
cholinergic antagonist
cholinergic agonist
What are the possible adverse drug reactions of Ipratropii bromidum (Atrovent)?
dry mouth
incontinention of urine
What are the mechanisms of action of the leukotriene modifiers?
they block the M-Choiinoceptors
they are selective, reversible antagonists of the Ieukotriene-1 receptor
they inhibit the enzyme 5-lypoexigenase
they inhibit the angiotensin converting enzyme
Which of the following drugs are mucolytics?
Amroxol (Mucosoivan)
Bromhexine
Which are the drugs used for treatment of peptic ulcer disease
mucosal protective agents
H1-histamine receptor blockers
H2-histamine receptor blockers
proton pump inhibitors
H2-histamine receptor blockers are:
Roxatidine
Ranitidine
Sucralfate
Omeprazole
Omeprazole is:
H2-histamine receptor blocker
H1-histamine receptor blocker
Proton pump inhibitor
Antimuscarinic drug
Drugs interactions of Omeprazol are due to:
inhibition of CYP 450
induction of CYP 450
inhibition of phosphodiesterase
induction of phosphodiasterase
Hepatoprotective agents with regenerative action are:
Essentiale
Silymarin
Ademetionine
Oleum Ricini
Glucocorticoid preparations are:
Hydrocortisone
Methylprednisolone
Fludroconisone
Prednisolon
Metabolic effect of glucocorticoids are:
hypoglycemia
hyperglycemia
reduced calcium absorption
increased protein catabolism
Pharmacological effects of glucocorticoids are
anti-inflammatory action
immunosuppressive action
antiallergic action
Side effects of glucocorticoids are:
cough
Short-acting insulin preparations are:
Actrapid
Humulin N
lnsuman Rapid
Humulin R
Effects of insulin-on carbohydrate metabolism are.
inhibition of gluconeogenesis
inhibition of glicogenolysis
ADRs of insulin are:
insulin resistance
allergy
Mechanisms of action of sulphonyureas are:
block ATP-sensitive K+ channels
stimulate release of endogenous insulin from the pancreas
inhibit gluconeogenesis
lower levels of plasma glucagon
ADRs of sulphonylureas are:
weight gain
gastrointestinal
Biguanide antidiabetic agent is:
Pioglitazone
Metformin
Glibenclamide
Acarbose
Mechanisms of action of biguanides are:
release of insulin from β cells of the pancreas
increased peripheral utilization of glucose
inhibition of glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal tract
ADRs of biguanides are:
gastrointestinal disorders (anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, metallic, taste)
megaloblastic anemia
lactic acidosis
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4 inhibitors):
prolong activity of incretin hormones
release insulin from β cells of the pancreas
do not cause hypoglycaemia
cause weight gain and increased appetite
Reproductive effects of estrogens are:
development of sexual organs
development of the follicular phase of menstrual cycle
development of the luteal phase of menstrual cycle
stimulate uterine contractions
ADRs of estrogens are:
carcinogenic effects
nephrotoxicity
Contraindications for use of estrogens are
thromboembolic disease
probable or certain pregnancy
proven or suspected breast cancer
migraine
Mechanisms of action of oral hormonal contraceptives are:
Suppression of ovulation
Suppression of lutein hormone secretion
Condensation of cervical mucus
Increased secretion of follicle stimulating hormone
Contraindications of oral contraceptives are:
Oestrogen dependant tumors
Hyper-coagulation
Migraine
Liver disease
Symptoms of vitamin B3 deficiency (pellagra) are
dermatitis
anemia
diarrhea
dementia
Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to:
spinal cord degeneration and neuropathies
atrophic glossitis
Vitamin A deficiency leads to:
hemeralopia (night blindness)
acne
xerophthalmia (dry eyes)
Effects of vitamin D on calcium and phosphate homeostasis are:
increased intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption
decreased intestinal calcium and phosphate
stimulation of calcium reabsorption in the kidney
deposition of calcium in bones and teeth (at low dose)
Vitamin D deficiency leads to:
rickets in children
osteomalacia in adults
delayed dentation
Vitamin K is required for:
synthesis of hemoglobin
synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX and X
regulation of cholesterol levels
carbohydrate metabolism
Drugs for treatment of Parkinson's disease are
dopaminergic drugs
antimuscarinic drugs
anxiolytics
Mode of action of Selegiline is
MAO A inhibition
Release of dopamine from the stores
MAO B inhibition
Activation of dopamine recepors
Therapeutic uses of Bromocriptine are
Parkinson's disease
Acromegaly
Prolactin-secreting adenomas
Hyperglycemia
Antiparkinsonian drug with antiviral activity is
Amantadine
Bromocriptine
Selegiline
Madopar
Mode of action of typical antipsychotics involves:
block of postsynaptic dopamine receptors
activation of dopamine receptors
block of serotonin receptors
block of muscarinic, histamine and adrenergic receptors
Mode of action of atypical antipsychotic Olanzapine involves:
block of postsynaptic D4 receptors stronger than D2 receptors
block of 5-HT2 receptors
activation of 5-HT2 receptors
stimulation of muscarinic receptors
The main effects of antipsychotics are:
antipsychotic effect
antiemetic effect
hypotensive effect
anticonvulsant effect
Adverse drug reactions of antipsychotics are:
extrapyramidal syndrome
hyperprolactinemia
drug dependence
postural hypotension
Antipsychotic with strong antipsychotic effect is:
Chlorprothixene
Thioridazine
Haloperidol
Clozapine
Mode of action of benzodiazepines is:
enhance the effectiveness of GABA
block of GABA receptors
block of sodium channels
Adverse drug reactions of benzodiazepines are:
seizures
tolerance and drug dependence
extrapyramidal side effects
ataxia
Antagonist of benzodiazepines is:
Naloxone
Flumazenil
Chlorpromazine
Opioids are suitable for treatment of
traumatic shock
neuritis
Contraindications for the use of opioid analgesics:
pregnancy, breastfeeding
diseases, associated with respiratory depression
head trauma and brain injury
Specific morphine antagonist is:
Bemegrid
Point out the correct statements for Pethidine (Lydol):
has a spasmolytic effect on the smooth muscles
it is a stronger analgesic than morphine
has a shorter duration of action than morphine
can be used for neuroleptanaigesia
Opioid drug with a strong anti-tussive effect is:
Tramadol
Pethidin
Morphine
Codeine
For analgesics-antipyretics is true:
they affect normal body temperature
the antipyretic effect is clue to suppression of PgE synthesis in the hypothalamus
they lower only elevated body temperature (i.e. fever)
intensify heat diffusion
Adverse drug reactions of Metamizol (Analgin) are:
hyperthermla
agranulocytosis
red coloured urine
Pharmacological effects of Paracetamol are:
antipyretic
anti-inflammatory
analgesic
antiplatelet
What are the therapeutic effects of NSAIDs:
hypnotic
What is the mechanism of action of NSAiDs:
inhibition of phosphodiesterases
blockade of dopamine receptors
inhibition of cyclooxygenase
inhibition of MAO
Pharmacological effects of salicylates are:
sedative
Which of the following drugs are selective COX-2 inhibitors:
Aspirin
Celecoxib
Indomethacin
Meloxicam