A thermodynamics system is separated from the rest of the universe by a membrane, which delimits a finite volume and through which heat or other forms of energy may pass.
Regions outside the boundaries of the system are termed extra system
Homogeneous thermodynamic system has two or more phases, which are separated from one another by definite bounding surfaces.
An intensive variable is a physical quantity whose value depends on the amount of the substance
Changes in a thermodynamic system are often described by differentials of its state variables
Most thermodynamic equations are functions with several variables
For a given amount of substance temperature, pressure and volume are not independent from each other. They are connected by an equation of state.
Differentiation means finding slopes or the rate of change of one variable with respect to another
Small changes in a state function with several variables can be represented by a total differential. For this, all partial differentials of this function must be added.
Temperature and pressure are extensive variables
The total energy of the system and its surroundings is conserved
Energy may be extracted from an object from an object either by cooling, compression, or extraction of matter
A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium when any of its properties such as temperature, pressure, colume etc. change with time
Each thermodynamic process is distinguished from other processes in energetic character, according to what parameters, such as temperature, pressure, or volume etc are held constant.
Reversible thermodynamic processes are processes, which develop so slowly as to allow each intermediate step to be an equilibrium state
Dissipative structures are stationary states with completely new qualities
Density is an intensive variable.
An isobaric process occurs at constant volume.
Thermodynamic systems possess energy, but not heat or work. Heat and work are transfer phenomena.
The pressure, temperature and chemical potential are the generalized forces, which drive the generalized changes in volume, entropy and particle number respectively.
Heat and work are not state variables
Force-displacement is a conjugate pair
dU represents an infinitesimal change in internal energy
A process during which there is no heat transfer is called an isothermal process.
The internal energy is an extensive property of a system while the internal energy per mole is an intensive state property of that system
Conjugate variables are sets of intensive and extensive variables whose product has the dimensions of energy.
A system is in a particular thermodynamic state when values of the properties of the system called as are known.
There are three main types of systems: , and systems.
In open systems, , and may cross the boundary.
The variables of state are four in number: , , , .
A system is when it has the same chemical composition throughout.
is defined as the instantaneous quantitative description of a system with a set number of variables held constant.
In closed systems, cannot cross the boundary,
Viscosity and specific heat are variables.
Small changes in a state function with several variables can be represented by the so-called .
A system, in which all equalizing processes have gone to completion, is said to be in a state of .
An process occurs at constant entropy.
Total differential of a function y=f(x) can be calculated from the product of of the function and dx.
An variable can be expressed as the sum of the quantities for the separate subsystems that compose the entire system.
An process occurs at constant pressure.
A is defined as the energetic progression of a thermodynamic system proceeding from an initial state to a final state.
Refractive index is a(n) variable.
The most common conjugate thermodynamic variables are ; ; .
A system has three types of equilibrium: , and .
An process occurs without loss or gain of heat.
The properties of the system can be described by an equation of , which specifies the relationship between state variables.
Energy may be transferred into a body by , compression, or addition of matter.
Thermodynamic systems transfer energy as the result of a causing a generalized displacement, with the product of the two being the amount of energy transferred.
Quantities describing the state of a system, such as internal energy, pressure, volume, temperature, and mass are called .
An idealized process that is carried out at constant temperature is called an .
The amount of heat transferred per unit time is called .
The work done per unit time is called .
In a closed system, the and chemical composition of the constituents remain constant.
The word thermodynamics stems from two stems Greek words meaning:
conservation of heat
interactions of heat
study of heat
movement of heat
In thermodynamic processes, which of the following statements is NOT true?
In an isochoric process the pressure remains constant
In an isothermal process the temperature remains constant
In an adiabatic process the system is insulated from the surroundings
A process, in which the working substance neither receives nor gives heat to its surroundings during expansion or compression is called
isothermal process
hyperbolic process
adiabatic process
none of the above
Which of the following is NOT a state variable?
Work
Interal energy
Entropy
Temperature
Pressure
Heat flow is considered negative when heat flows [ ] a system; work is considered positive when work is done [ ] a system.
out of; by
into; by
out of; on
into; on
Because internal energy U is a state variable and depends only on the state of the system but not on how the system has achieved that state, we can write:
dU = 0
dU = U2 - U1
dU = Q + W
dU = U1 - U2
Which of the following laws of physics has become the foundation of thermodynamics?
Newton's laws of motion
the law of conservation of energy
the law of universal gravitation
the law of conservation of momentum
According to the laws of thermodynamics, all processes occuring in nature are
reversible and unidirectional
irreversible and unidirectional
reversible and bidirectional
irreversible and bidirectional
Which of the following is TRUE about thermodynamics?
It is based on the conservation principle
It deals with energy
It refers to direction of heat movements
All of the above
Which of the following are reversible process(es)?
Slow heating of water from a hot source
Constant pressure heating of an ideal gas from a constant temperature source
Evaporation of a liquid at constant temperature
Ice kept in a well insulated container is an example of which system?
a closed system
an isolated system
an open system
a diathermic system
Thermodynamic work is the product of
two intensive properties
two extensive properties
an intensive property and change and change in an extensive property
an extensive property and change in an intensive property
Which of the following is an intensive property?
Kinetic Energy
Gravitational potential energy
Pressure and volume are thermodynamic parameters. Their product is expressed in units [ ]
mass
energy
temperature
In an irreversible process, there is [ ]
no loss of mass
no gain of energy
gain of heat
loss of heat
