Macromolecules in the Cell

Polymer Properties

Types of macromolecule and bonding

Size of macromolecules

Formation of bonds

Monosaccharides

Chiral centres

Epimers

Intramolecular Cyclisation

Anomeric CArbon

Different forms

Disaccharide

Glycogen

Starch

Reducing vs non-reducing

Linear vs branched polysaccharide carbons

Chitin

Glycoproteins

Glucosaminoglycans

Purine vs pyrimidine

Nucleotide

Nucleoside

Polynucleotide

Ribose

Hydrogen bonding

Double Helix

Grooves

Protein monomers

Non ionisable side chains

pKA

Peptide bonds

Compare macromolecules

Primary structures

Sequencing

Rotation Angles

Ramchadran plot

Criterial for stable secondary structure

Alpha helix

Beta sheet

Tertiary structure

Supersecondary structure

Beta hairpin

Alpha hairpin

4 Alpha helix bundle

Beta alpha beta

Greek key motif

3D structures

X-ray diffraction

NMR spectroscopy

Cryo electron microscopy

Atomic force microscopy

Quaternary structure

DNA binding proteins

Haemoglobin

Sickle cell anaemia

Protein folding

Ribonuclease Denaturing

Protein misfolding