Pieces of solid material that have been deposited on Earth's surface by wind, water, ice, gravity, or chemical precipitation.
Minerals
Elements
Sediments
Sand
What is weathering?
Physical and chemical processes that break up rock.
When sediments are laid down on the ground after movement.
What is deposition?
The process of weathering that causes weak minerals to break down and the strong minerals to separate from the weak.
Chemical weathering.
Physical weathering.
The weathering process that causes rocks to break along fractures or boundaries.
A sedimentary rock and mineral fragment produced by weathering.
Erosion
Organic
Clastic
Erosion is the removal and movement of surface materials from place to place.
The main forms of erosion are:
Wind
Water
Gravity
Season change
Heat from the sun
Glaciers
Plants
Faster moving water affects deposition in what way?
The water can transport larger particles and cause layers.
The speed of the water causes the carried minerals to be pushed to the banks.
Areas on the Earth where most sediments are deposited.
Valleys
Rivers
Sedimentary basins
Lithification is the process when pressure and temperature from the bottom of a sedimentary basin began to compact sediments into sedimentary rock.
What substance maintains open spaces during lithification?
All types of gems
Olivine
In Question 12, you were asked what mineral maintains open spaces during lithification. What can be found in these spaces?
Ground water
Oil
Natural Gases
Earth's crust's temperatures increase at about 30*C per kilometer.
What process forms sedimentary rock when mineral grains are stuck together into the rock?
Liquifaction
Bedding
Cementation
What is type one cementation?
A new mineral grows between grains as dissolved mineral precipitate out of groundwater.
Grains grow in size because the same minerals precipitate from groundwater and crystallize around them.
What is type 2 cementation?
The primary feature of sedimentary rocks.
Lithification
Parallel crystals
Graded bedding is when inclined layers of sediment move forward across a horizontal.
Graded bedding is when the particles are gradually heavier and coarser towards the bottom.
The most well-known feature of sedimentary rock.
Fossils
Parts of organisms cannot be replaced by minerals during lithification.
How are clastic sedimentary rocks formed?
The deposits of loose sediments
The remains of dead organisms
Minerals remains from magma
What is porosity?
The holes on a rock once it is formed
The percentage of open spaces between grains
How easily a rock can break apart
What rocks form from the minerals left behind after evaporation?
Chemical Sedimentary
Evaporites
Clastic Sedimentary
Evaporites are the layers of chemical sedimentary rocks that form as a result of precipitation from a supersaturated solution.
What are the 3 most common evaporites?
Coal
Calcite
Halite
Amethyst
Gypsum
What rock is formed from the remains of dead organisms?
Organic Sedimentary
Porphyroblasts
What are some primary uses of sedimentary rocks?
Fossil finding
Determining past geography
Construction because of their sturdiness
What changes occur when a rock becomes a metamorphic rock?
Texture change
Mineralogy change
Deposition
Chemical composition change
Does not melt during change
Does melt during change
Where is the pressure for metamorphism found?
Radioactivity from the core
Weight of overlying rock
Compressive forces from deforming rock
Special, human designed machines
Temperature for metamorphism is derived from the sun
Grade is dependent on pressure, temperature, and depth.
Regional Metamorphism occurs when high temperature and pressure affect large regions of Earth's crust. What level grades can this include?
High
Intermediate
Low
How are regional belts divided/classified?
By location
By distance from the equator
By mineral groups found in the rocks
Contact metamorphism is when molten rocks collide with a larger mass of molten rocks and come together.
Where are minerals that crystallize at high temperatures found [in relation to an intrusion]?
Close to the intrusion
Far from the intrusion
What metamorphism is the result of very hot water reacting with rock and altering its chemistry and mineralogy?
Hydrothermal
Pressure
Minerals in wavy layers and bands that line up due to pressure are...
Foliated
Nonfoliated
Minerals that form blocky crystal shapes are...
Porphyroblasts are
Minerals that grow large while the surrounding minerals remain small
Minerals that remain small while the surrounding minerals grow large
What might change a rock compositionally?
Weather
Breaking up
Hot fluids
When water freezes in an open space in a rock and breaks it, what is the phenomenon called?
Frost wedging
Cold breakage
Cracking
The biggest cause of erosion are glaciers.
How does lithification begin?
Compaction
Water pressure
How can sedimentary rocks be energy sources?
Gas
Uranium
Construction
Hydrothermal Metamorphism can form
Gold
Copper
Silver
Tungsten
Cement
Lead
The three types of metamorphism are regional, contact, and dynamic.