According to Hebb's rule...
Classical conditioning is a good model for memory and forgetfulness
Associative learning is related to the increased response in the post-synaptic neuron after a few high frequency pre-synaptic stimuli
Instrumental conditioning can be explained by the balance between different synaptic connections
A weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires
The preforant pathway of the entorhinal cortex...
Interconnects the CA1 and CA3 fields within the hippocampus
Is another name for the fornix
Interconnects the granule cells ofthe dentate gyrus with the amygdala
Leads to the dentate gyrus within the hippocampal formation
Receptors for which of the following neurotransmitters are usually involved in long-term potentiation?
Serotonin
Dopamine
Glutamate
GABA
What normally prevents the calcium channel of the NMDA receptor from opening in response to glutamate only?
The channel is blocked by magnesium ions
The channel is blocked by sodium ions
Glutamate requires the presence of GABA in order to open the channel
Glutamate requires the presence of glycine in order to open the channel
The induction of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus would be blocked by...
A drug such as AP5 that blocks NMDA receptors
Using high-frequency pulses
A drug that activates NMDA receptors
Injection into the postsynaptic cell of a drug that activates calcium ions
Which of the following is true of long-term depression (LTD)?
LTD can be produced by high-frequency stimulation of CA1 neurons
LTD reflects a gradual strengthening of synaptic connections
LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron
LTD is associated with an increase in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron
The primary function of perceptual learning is to...
Identify and categorise objects
Make an association between two stimuli
Learn to adjust behaviour according to its consequences
Exhibit a specific system to detect accurately the location of a stimulus
In a conditioned emotional response study, a tone is paired with an electric shock to your hand. After several trials, the tone alone becomes a conditioned stimulus that can elicit fear in you. Which of the following is true of the anatomy of this fear response?
Damage to the amygdala facilitates emotional responding
Damage to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala impairs the learning of conditioned associations
Damage to the visual association cortex would prevent the learning of the conditioned associations in this instance
Damage to the lateral nucleus of the pre-frontal cortex impairs the learning of conditioned associations
Which of the following is NOT true of instrumental (operant) conditioning?
It involves a simple association between two stimuli
It involves learning the relationship between a response to a stimulus and a reward
It permits an organism to adjust its behaviour according to the consequences of that behaviour
Either punishment or reward can reinforce it
An instrumental (operatn) response that produces a favourable consequence...
Will be immediately suppressed
Will occur more frequently
Weakens adjacent circuits in the brain
Is an important component of perceptual learning
Damage to which of the following structures would be expected to impair instrumental (operant) conditioning?
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Basal ganglia
Frontal cortex
An example of a natural reinforcer is...
Cocaine
Amphetamine
Food for a hungry person
Which of the following is important for the acquisition of complex behaviours?
The behaviour must result in long-term depression of the basal ganglia
As the person becomes more proficient in the new behaviour, the transcortical circuits become more active
As a person becomes more proficient in the behaviour, the control of the process is transferred to the basal ganglia
As a person becomes more proficient in the behaviour, the control of the process is transferred to the transcortical pathways
A person with amnesia due to Korsakoff's syndrome is most likely to have severe damage in the...
Hippocampus
Fornix
Mammillary bodies
Cingulate gyrus
One striking aspect of patient H.M.'s deficit was that he...
Could learn some new tasks but was unaware of having learned them
Reversed word order in repeated sentences
Indicated that he remembered things he had never seen
Only remembered recent facts
