Chemoreception is utilized by the gustatory and olfactory receptors, which correlate with one's sense of _____________ and _______________.
taste, smell
smell, taste
sight, smell
sight, taste
Chemoreception evolved independently in many groups
Which kind of neurons are most prominent in olfactory receptors?
bipolar neurons
unipolar neurons
multipolar neurons
pseudounipolar neurons
Label the figure
Gustatory responses are only found in a few major phyla
Which of these is the MAJOR vertebrate gustatory adaptation?
taste buds
mouth
nasal hairs
tongue
The only part of the nervous system exposed to the environment is part of the ______________
olfactory
tactile
gustatory
Label the image of the insect olfactory
Gustation and olfaction are the most least( most, least ) universal sensory modality because they are the simplest most complex( simplest, most complex ) to pick up.
Process of olfaction: 1. A smell is ❌ 2. ❌ to be sensed 3. cilia ❌ 4. receptor cells ❌
How do we differentiate between smells?
some receptors can bind to many smells
a smell can bind to many receptors
groups of receptors produce unique signals
there are specific receptors designed to bind to each smell individually
Substentacular cells...
are non-neuronal cells
capture odor molecules to send to bipolar neurons
add more surface area
are taste buds
send signals from the nose to the brain
What are the 7 primary odors?
musky
floral
pepperminty
camphoraceous
ethereal
pungent
putrid
sweet
sour
delicious
Vertebrate taste buds are secondary primary( secondary, primary ) sense cells that are made of epithelial nervous muscle( epithelial, nervous, muscle ) tissue.
Process of gustation: 1. ❌ 2. ❌ 3. ❌ send molecules to ❌ 4. ❌
How long do taste buds last before they have to be replaced?
12-14 days
12-14 hours
2-4 days
2-4 hours
How many taste hairs are on each taste bud?
30-40
3-4
40-50
4-5
What are the 4 main taste sensations?
salty
bitter
savory
The sweet sensation is not found in __________ animals.
marine
invertebrate
equestrian
reptilian
What are the two non-traditional taste sensations?
water
umami
Umami detects...
amino acids
carbohydrates
fats
Humans do not taste water, it is an internal sense for dehydration
Vomoronasal organ (Jacobson's organ) is found in...
reptiles
amphibians
mammals
mollusks
birds
Label the vertebrate taste bud
Label the Vomoronasal organ
What is the role of a snake's forked tongue?
Jacobson's organ senses molecules on the tongue picked up from the air for detecting pheromones
olfactory nerves on the tongue sense pheromones in the air
snakes can taste pheromones in the air, allowing them to find prey
to boop your snoot when they like you
Vision is the most least( most, least ) important sense
Photoreceptors are modified, secondary primary( secondary, primary ) sense hair nerve( hair, nerve ) cells that sense photic energy radiation( photic energy, radiation )
What are the 3 types of information that photoreceptors receive?
intensity
wavelength
plane of polarization
absorption
Plane of polarization detects...
what plane you are in
polarized light to navigate
What is the major advantage of vision?
it's instantaneous
seeing the pretty colors
reading
it's more accurate than other senses
Dermal light sense/diffuse photosensitivity uses photosensitive nerve endings to...
tell day from night
sense shadows
detect time/seasonal events
see better underwater
Eyespots form vivid images
Which groups have eye spots?
flatworms
annelids
arthropods
nematodes
Forms of eyespots
❌: can only sense intensity and light/dark; most ancestral/least sophisticated ❌: can sense direction; multifaceted/compound eyes ❌: can sense direction; thought to give rise to vesicular eyes
Label the forms of eyespots
Label the arrangements
Vesicular eyes independently dependently( independently, dependently ) evolved twice once three times( twice, once, three times ), and are found in four three two( four, three, two ) different groups.
Convex eyes are made up of omatidia, which are...
each of the optical units that make up a compound eye
a modification of the cones in a single-lens eye
a modification of the rods in a single-lens eye
Label the image
80% of the eye's focus power is in the...
aqueous humor
lens
cornea
vitreous humor
blood vessels supply oxygen to the eye in the...
choroid
retina
sclera
The ________ is most helpful for light refraction and underwater vision
Cornea
Iris
Lens
Aqueous humor
How can the eye focus light?
Move retina
Move lens
Change lens shape
Change eye shape
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