Genetics Test 2

Rank the stages of the cell cycle in order.
1. ❌: cell grows, proteins for cell division synthesized
2. ❌: non-dividing stage, can re-enter G-1 from here
3. ❌ checkpoint: holds cell in G-1 until all enzymes needed for replication are obtained
4. ❌: DNA duplicates
5. ❌: cell prepares for mitosis
6. ❌: proceeds to M-phase only if all DNA is replicated and undamaged
7. ❌: nuclear and cell division
8. ❌
9. ❌: the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

Rank in order the steps of the M phase
1. ❌
2. ❌
3. ❌
4. ❌
5. ❌
6. ❌

Rank the stages of mieosis I & II in order
1. ❌: chromosomes begin to condense and the spindle forms
2. ❌: homologous chromosomes pair, crossing over takes place and the nuclear membrane breaks down
3. ❌: Homologous pairs line up along the metaphase plate
4. ❌: Homologous chromosomes move apart and go toward opposite poles
5. ❌: Chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and the cytoplasm divides
6. ❌: chromosomes re-condense
7. ❌: Individual chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
8. ❌: sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles
9. ❌: chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and the cytoplasm divides
10. ❌

❌ or male gametogenesis starts with a ❌ entering into ❌ becoming a ❌. It undergoes ❌ and yields ❌. Those undergo ❌ and together produce ❌ that mature into ❌.

❌ or female gametogenesis starts with 1 ❌, that enters ❌ to become a ❌. It goes through ❌ and forms a ❌ and a ❌. The polar body ❌. The secondary oocyte goes through ❌ and an ovum and a polar body forms. The polar body disintegrates and what's left is ❌.

Mendel's Laws:
1. The Principle of ❌: the two members of a gene pair (alleles) segregate from each other in the formation of gametes. Half the gametes carry one allele, and the other half carry the other allele.
2. The Principle of ❌: Genes for different traits assort independently of one another in the formation of gametes.
3. The Principle of ❌: If one parent has two copies of allele A -- the dominant allele -- and the second parent has two copies of allele a-- the recessive allele -- then the offspring will inherit an Aa genotype and display the dominant phenotype.

Fill in the blank.
❌ ❌: Male traits, tall, small testes, reduced facial & pubic hair.
❌ ❌: Female Traits, short, low hairline, broad chest, neck folds.
❌ ❌: Female traits, tall and thin
❌: Males traits and tall.

Since females possess two X chromosomes and males have one X chromosome and a ❌, Barr bodies are essential to regulate the amount of X-linked gene product being transcribed. To ensure that X-linked gene product doses are kept similar between males and females, one of the ❌ in a female becomes very condensed - ❌. This results in the genetic information on the chromosome being inaccessible to proteins that cause gene transcription. This is known as ❌.

Phenotype of the heterozygote is the same as the phenotype of one of the homozygotes is ❌.

Phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate (falls within the range) between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes. Mixture of dominant and recessive. Example: RR (red) + rr (white) = Rr (pink). This is a definition of ❌.

Phenotype of the heterozygote includes the phenotypes of both homozygotes. Examples are spotted flowers, horses or cows. This is a definition of ❌.

The percentage of individuals having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype is ❌.

The degree to which a characteristic is expressed is ❌.

An example of ❌ (❌ phenotype) is Coat color in Labradors: B_E_ (black), bbE_ (brown), B_ee (yellow), bbee (yellow).

An example of ❌ (❌ phenotype) is Summer Squash color: W_Y_(white), W_yy (white), wwY_ (yellow), wwyy (green).

An example of ❌ (❌ phenotype) is Sweat Pea flower color: CCPP, CCP_, C_PP, C_P_ += purple, CC__, C___, __PP, __P_, ____ = white
The ratio for duplicate dominant epistasis is ❌.