Weeks 1 - 4 HUBS1406

1

Blood is a fluid connective tissue that circulates continually around the body

1

Blood is not a fluid connective tissue that circulates continually around the body

1

Blood has a pH of 7.35 - 7.45 - slightly alkaline

1

Average volumes of blood select 2

1

Select three functions of blood

1

What is transported by blood? (5)

1

Blood is involved in homeostasis by regulating body temp, pH and regulating the blood volume

1

Blood is not involved in homeostasis by regulating body temp, pH and regulating the blood volume

1

Blood is 55% plasma and 45% formed elements (erythrocytes, leuko, platelets etc)

1

Blood is mostly plasma and but also has formed elements (erythrocytes, leuko, platelets etc)

1

Is plasma the same as serum?

1

Serum has no clotting factor

1

Serum is plasma without the clotting factor

1

Plasma proteins are mostly produced by the liver

1

Plasma does not stay in the blood

1

Plasma proteins are too big to escape through the blood vessels

1

Plasma proteins are made of albumin, globulins, clotting factors and regulatory enzymes and hormones

1

Sodium ions are involved in water balance

1

Potassium ions are involved in neuronal and muscle activation

1

Calcium ions are important in nerve transmission

1

Chloride ions, bicarb ions and phosphate ions are important electrolytes

1

Venipuncture is a superficial vein puncture at anterior surface of elbow

1

Venipuncture is a superficial vein puncture at posterior surface of elbow

1

Capillary puncture is a finger tip, ear lobe, big toe or heel

1

Arterial puncture is used to check efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange

1

Haemopoiesis is the forming of blood cells

1

Haemopoiesis occurs in flat and irregular bone marrow

1

Haemopoietic stem cells form into myeloid stem and lymphoid stem cells

1

Haemopoietic stem cells do not form into myeloid stem and lymphoid stem cells

1

Select 4 types of cells the myeloid stem cell can develop into

1

Select 3 different cells lymphoid stem cells can develop into

1

Erythrocyte life span is 100 - 120 days

1

Macrophages phagocytose worn out RBC's

1

Haemoglobin is broken down into haemoglobin when RBC's are being destroyed

1

Iron from haem is recycled to make new haemoglobin

1

Globin is broken down into amino acids and released into the bloodstream when the RBC is being broken down.

1

Erythropoiesis - production of red blood cells from precursor stem cells

1

Stem cells take 7 days to form into RBC's

1

Erythropoiesis requires amino acids, folic acid and vit B12

1

Erythropoietin acts on the bone marrow to stimulate erythropoiesis

1

Erythropoietin does not stimulate erythropoiesis

1

Lack of functioning RBC's can result in hypoxia

1

EPO can produce 30 million red blood cells per second

1

EPO can produce 100 million red blood cells per second

1

Kidneys secrete Erythropoetin into the blood

1

Leukocyte rolling - when leukocytes leave the bloodstream and move to the site of infection

1

Leukocytes make up ....

1

A Granulyte is a ....

1

Agranulocytes are...

1

Neutrophils make up

1

Neutrophils are also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes due to the variable shapes of their nucleus

1

Pseudopodium is a temporary protrusion of the surface of an amoeboid cell for movement and feeding.

1

Eosinophils are found at the sites of allergic reactions and digest parasitic worms that are too large to be phagocytosed

1

Leukocytes are similar to mast cells and are involved in the inflammatory response.

1

There are three types of Lymphocytes: T Cells, B Cells and Natural killer cells.

1

Select the three types of Lymphocytes:

1

Monocytes are actively motile and phagocytic, they are crucial against viruses, bacterial parasites and infections.

1

Platelets are cell fragments with no nucleus but lots of granules, lysosomes and mitochondria.

1

Blood clotting is also known as haemostasis

1

Anaemia; blood either has a lower than normal number of RBC's or a lower than normal amount of haemoglobin in each RBC

1

Leukocytosis: increased WBC due to infection of inflammation.

1

Leukopenia: decreased WBC, can be caused by chemotherapy, radiation, overwhelming infection.

1

Leukaemia is caused in the bone marrow by cancerous leukocytes, immature nonfunctional WBC's in the bloodstream.

1

Thrombocytopenia: decreased platelet numbers, results in bleeding.

1

Thrombocytosis: Increased platelet numbers, results in clotting within blood vessels.

1

Thrombocytopenia: : Increased platelet numbers, results in clotting within blood vessels.

1

Haematocrit is the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.

1

Haematopoeisis is the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.

1

A karyotype is simply a picture of a person’s chromosomes.

1

Cells differentiate to do different jobs, and need to express different genes

1

How is a gene expressed?

1

Ribosomes string together amino acids in the correct sequence (determined by the genetic code) to make proteins

1

Ribosomes are Protein assembly machines.

1

The ER functions as a manufacturing and packaging system.

1

Rough ER: Protein folding and modification
Smooth ER: Lipid production

1

Smooth ER: Protein folding and modification
Rough ER: Lipid production

1

Golgi Apparatus: The protein packaging & shipping department.

1

Diffusion is the net passive movement of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) from a region in which they are in higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.

1

Osmosis is the net passive movement of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) from a region in which they are in higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.

1

Osmosis: a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.

1

The process of normal cell division:

1

Apoptotic genes:

1

Proto-oncogenes:

1

There are four main tissue types: Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue & Nervous tissue