A priori knowledge is a knowledge that is justified independently of experience
"Tadpoles become frogs" is an example of a posteriori knowledge.
Logically necessary truths are examples of a posteriori knowledge
Descartes doubted every one of his beliefs except those that were based on solid sense experience
Ideas that are inborn or that the mind already contains prior to experience are called innate ideas
The Statement "There is nothing in the intellect that was not first in the sense" expresses empiricism
Kant tried to form a compromise between rationalism and atheism
According to your text, objectivism is a dogmatic, authoritarian position in which the speaker claims that he or she has the absolute truth
According to your text, the term "epistemology" comes from two Greek Words that mean
opinion and belief
knowledge and rational discourse
questioning and answers
searching and wisdom
Philosophers, following Plato, have traditionally defined knowledge as
a belief that someone embraces with conviction
true justified belief
something which is true, whether anyone is aware of it or not
any opinion which is true, and leads to a successful life
The adjective "empirical" refers to
a claim for which no support is provided
anything that is based on experience
a logically necessary truth
a knowledge that is based on a definition
The claim "Either my team will win its next game or it won't" is an example of.....
a logically necessary truth and a priori knowledge
a logically necessary truth and a posteriori knowledge
factual information about the world and a posteriori knowledge
empirical knowledge
One of the three epistemological questions discussed in the text is
Is there such a thing as mental telepathy?
Does our knowledge represent reality as it really is?
What is the meaning of life?
Is scientific knowledge incompatible with religious faith?
The text referred to René Descartes's strategy for finding certainty as
the inference to the best explanation
the Socratic method
methodological skepticism
the scientific method
The primary reason that Descartes doubted so many things was
he has lost the will to go on living
to show how foolish the ideas of his teachers were
to find if there was any belief that was certain
he was trying to attack religious belief
In his initial examination of his beliefs, the one thing that Descartes could not doubt was that
he was doubting
he had a body
2 + 3 = 5
he was awake and not dreaming
Descartes's first bedrock of certainty was
"God exists"
"I am not now dreaming"
"I am, I exist."
"I have a body"
Which of the following was one of the three anchor points of rationalism?
Scientific knowledge is the only kind of knowledge there is
The fundamental truths about the world can be known a priori
There is no God
The reasons we have for our beliefs are nothing more than human opinions
According to the rationalist, logical truths, mathematical truths, and metaphysical truths are all examples of which kind of knowledge?
a posteriori knowledge
a priori knowledge
truths that do not tell us anything about the world
Innate ideas are ideas that
are acquired through experience
based on an individual's cultural traditions
can never be known to be true
the mind already contains prior to experience
In your reading from Plato's dialogue Phaedo, Socrates discusses
the relationship between philosophy and the religious beliefs of his day
the method for forming a truly good society and appointing its leaders
how we can have knowledge of perfect justice, beauty, goodness and equality.
why it is impossible to harm a truly good person
Descartes's principle "there must be as much reality in the cause as there is in the effect" was used to prove the existence of
his soul
his body
God
the evil demon
Descartes's argument for God's existence is based on
the need for a reason to be moral
the fact that the universe requires a cause
the very idea of a perfect being
the order and design in the world
According to Descartes, the explanation of how he had the idea of God in his mind is that
he intuited it from the beauty and grandeur of the universe
God planted the idea within him
his conscience and inner moral feelings led him to the idea of God
all the above
Descartes finally concluded that he could trust his sense experience because
otherwise, life would not be worth living
apart from experience, he would be unable to do science
a good God would not deceive him
the knowledge gained through the senses is just too obvious to be doubted
The empiricist believes that
the only source of genuine knowledge is sense experience
apart from experience, the reason is an unreliable and inadequate route to knowledge
there is no evidence of innate ideas within the mind
all of the above
Three of the empiricists discussed in the text were
John Locke, George Berkely, and David Hume
Plato, Rene Descartes, and John Locke
Plato, Gottfried Leibniz, and George Berkely
Gottfried Leibniz, John Locke, David Hume
According to your text, "idealism" means the belief
one should have an optimistic outlook on life
the task of philosophy is to search for the ideal conditions of knowledge
ultimate reality is mental or spiritual in nature
reality goes far beyond what we discover in sense experience
Berkeley believed that the word "matter" refers to
nothing at all
any object that is studied scientifically
the external cause of our perceptual experiences
something that is real, but only known indirectly
Berkeley believed that the word "apple" refers to
nothing more than a collection of experiences in our minds
a material object
a substance underlying what is experienced
nothing, since reality, does not exist
Hume was skeptical about which of the following beliefs
our belief that the future will always be like the past
our belief in an external world
our belief in the existence of our self
Since fire has burned us in the past, we believe that fire will burn us in the future. According to Hume, this reasoning is based on
impressions
the principle of induction
the laws of logic
Hume says our causal judgments are based on
the experience of a necessary connection between two events
the similarity between two events
the bedrock certainty of the sciences
the constant conjunction of two events in our past experience
Hume's test for evaluating the worth of a book was to ask: Does it contain either......
mathematical reasoning or experimental reasoning about matters of fact?
morally uplifting advice or conclusions based on the author's experience?
facts based on common opinion or the testimony of authorities
clear and distinct ideas or fruitful ideas that provoke the imagination
Which of the following claims did Immanuel Kant assert?
All our knowledge begins with experience
Experience alone cannot give us universal and necessary knowledge
The mind constructs the objects of knowledge
"Kant's revolution" refers to his proposal to
reverse the relationship between knowledge and its objects in epistemology
overthrow the king
replace Newtonian physics with his theory
overthrow the claims of empiricism and return to pure rationalism
The text referred to Kant's position as "constructivism" because
it was not negative and destructive like previous theories
he tried to construct a bridge between scientific knowledge and religious knowledge
he believed all knowledge was constructed out of the innate ideas in the mind
he claimed that the mind forms its objects out of the raw data of experience
In Kant's terminology, things-as-they-appear-to-us are called __________ and things-in themselves are called ________.
complex ideas / simple ideas
ideas/material objects
the phenomena/the noumena
secondary qualities/primary qualities
According to Kant, the mind makes knowledge possible by
creating reality out of itself
imposing its own form on the materials of experience
mirroring the structures of reality
discovering the innate truths within the mind
Kant's categories of the understanding are
habits of thought acquired through experience
his name for the laws of logic
laws of nature discovered by science
organizing principles the mind brings to the experience
