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PHCY310 Test sobre L18 Acute Respiratory Tract Infections, creado por Mer Scott el 13/04/2019.

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L18 Acute Respiratory Tract Infections

Pregunta 1 de 10

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The common cold is a self illness (2 days - 2 weeks), characterised by nasal and a sore . It is caused by , predominantly rhinoviruses. No treatment is required, but relief is available. Complications in the elderly, young, and immunocompromised could be .

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    limiting
    discharge
    throat
    viruses
    symptomatic
    pneumonia and asthma attacks

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 10

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A sore throat may be pharyngitis/tonsillitis. This can be viral or bacterial.
1. Viral: 80-90% of cases attribute to . A mild, self-limiting infection presenting with a throat, and fever. No treatment required except for relief.
2. Bacterial: A more infection. The most common cause of bacterial throat infection is Group A (GAS). Presents with a sore throat, , and aching, swollen nodes. Diagnosis is by throat and treatment is . Common complications: abscess and fever.

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    adenoviruses
    slight
    sore
    symptom
    severe
    Streptococcus pyogenes
    lymph
    fever
    culture
    antibiotics
    rheumatic

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 10

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Diphtheria is a serious throat infection caused by . It presents with a sore throat, headache, greatly cervical lymph nodes, low grade , and mucus on tonsils.
There is a gradual onset over days, and it is transmissible for up to weeks. It is producing which causes heart & kidney . Prompt treatment with diphtheria is required & are given even before confirmation by culture. 1 in will still die from it. The last case in NZ was in 1998.
There has been a vaccine available since 1926, which has been on the NZ immunisation schedule since 1941. It is a vaccine given as an intramuscular injection, between 87-98% effective in generating anti-toxin , though it declines with time, and boosters necessary & recommended at . The vaccine is but not the administration. women are funded.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    Corynebacterium diphtheriae
    enlarged
    fever
    grey
    2-5
    4
    toxin
    failure
    anti-toxin
    antibiotics
    10
    toxoid
    IgG
    45 and 65
    funded
    Pregnant

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 10

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Whooping cough, also known as , is caused by a highly infectious (via ), and producing bacteria, the gram negative bacilli Bordetella pertussis. It causes airway , and airway death. The most at risk are too young to be immunised; Complications – pneumonia, convulsions, brain damage, death. 1 in 6 infants will or have damage.
For adults and children, % of persistent coughs are pertussis.

There are yearly epidemics. The highest rates are in Pacific and Māori
infants, with % hospitalized. There is a 4-fold increased risk of hospitalizations for children living in in conditions.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    pertussis
    droplets
    toxin
    inflammation & oedema
    cell
    infants
    die
    brain or lung
    12-37
    2-5
    51
    deprived

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 10

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Stages of Whooping Cough:
After a day incubation -
• Stage 1 - ( week) malaise, low grade , sneezing, runny ,
dry . The infectious stage. Antibiotic treatment at this stage
can severity of stage 2. Contacts should also be .
• Stage 2 - ( weeks) short burst of extreme paroxysmal coughing
(accumulation of ), vomiting, feeling of , “whooping”
between coughing fits. Still infectious, and symptoms between
paroxysms. Treatment here will not effect the disease but reduces .
• Stage 3 - ( weeks - months) recovery, cough less often.

Prevention:
- Vaccine available since 1945, on NZ immunisation schedule since 1960, i.m. injection
- Moved from a cell-based vaccine to an pertussis vaccine in
the 1990s – less but less effective. Boosters are required & funded.
- It is recommended, but not funded that contacts & carers of get boosters.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    7-10
    1
    4
    6
    fever
    nose
    cough
    most
    decrease
    treated
    mucus
    choking
    few
    transmission
    acellular
    reactogenic
    newborns

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 10

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Influenza is an acute, self-limiting infection of the respiratory tract, causing fever, malaise, a sore throat, cough, and .
It is caused by which has an RNA genome and 2 major surface ; (H) and (N).
There are 3 types of influenza viruses - A, B and C:
A - evolves , causes epidemics & pandemics, disease, H/N subtypes
B - no H/N , evolves more than A, causes disease in humans, usually severe
C - no H/N subtypes, no disease in

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    headache
    dry
    orthomyxovirus
    glycoproteins
    Haemagglutinin
    neuraminidase
    quickly
    human
    severe
    subtypes
    slowly
    less
    humans

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 10

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Individuals can get influenza many times during life because the virus is continuously mutating.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 10

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Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Antigenic ( drift, shift ) of the influenza virus causes seasonal variants.
It occurs to overcome the ( antibodies, antigens ) blocking the H glycoproteins ability to bind to ( cells, viruses ). It is a ( mutation, copy ) of the H epitopes so that the antibody ( cannot, can ) bind and the virus may bind to the cell instead.

Antigenic ( shift, drift ) of the influenza virus causes epidemic/pandemic variants.
It occurs when two viral strains exchange ( RNA, DNA ) segments in a ( secondary, primary ) host and a ( novel/new, defective ) H is formed.

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 10

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Treatment for influenza is typically relief of fever and pain with meds.

We can also use:
1. Inhibitors (Cyclic Amines or Adamantanes) - amantadine, rimantadine: Inhibit viral , which is symptomatic relief. Does not stop viral . Has systemic and is associated with rapid induction of viruses.
2. inhibitors eg oseltamivir (Tamiflu) & zanamivir (Relenza): medicine in NZ. Symptomatic relief via of viral shedding, which reduces the . May stop protective response developing. Has toxicities (especially ), and will induce viral resistance (especially ). There is evidence that it may reduce mortality, hospitalisation and duration of symptoms, compared with no treatment.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    symptomatic
    OTC
    M2 Ion Channel
    Neuraminidase
    uncoating
    shedding
    toxicities
    resistant
    Pharmacist only
    decrease
    rate of complications
    immune
    zanamivir
    oseltamivir
    weak

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 10

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Seasonal influenza prevention:
- vaccines against 3 or 4 circulating strains available – the supplier varies from year to year
- Usually an intramuscular vaccine, which is , effectiveness is %?
- Funded in pharmacy for over ’s

Pandemic influenza prevention:
- H1N1 pandemic strain – now included in vaccine
- H5N1 vaccine – Focetria® (Novartis), etc
- H7N9 – pre-pandemic vaccines have been made by reverse genetics,
not publicly available but exist

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    Inactivated
    funded
    ~50
    65
    seasonal
    stockpiles

Explicación