Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder resulting from high concentrations of blood glucose. Glucose remains in the blood, therefore: • Increased Decreased( Increased, Decreased ) urination • Thirsty • Weight loss gain( loss, gain ) • Tired • Poor Good( Poor, Good ) circulation
T2DM is due to insulin deficiency (Beta islet cell dysfunction & cell loss up to 50% at diagnosis), and insulin resistance.
Metabolic syndrome is associated with excess nutrition, insufficient ❌ and a genetic predisposition. It is characterised by chronic ❌ in the adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, and vasculature. • Doubles the risk of ❌ heart disease • Doubles risk of stroke • Five times the risk of ❌ • Increased risk of venous thrombosis
HbA1c is glycosylated haemoglobin. It can be used to determine plasma ❌ over the previous 8-12 ❌ and so ❌ diabetic control or ❌ diabetes. The more glucose in the blood, the more haemoglobin is ❌.
The lifetime risk of a child with 1 parent with T2D is 40%, and increases to 70% if both parents have/had T2D.
Type 2 Diabetes - Pathogenesis: • Insulin resistance begins many ❌ before onset of T2D • When insulin ❌ can not overcome ❌: hyperglycaemia and T2D • Typically ❌ of B islet cells left at diagnosis • Abnormalities in other hormones (increased ❌) & impaired responses to others (egg GLP-1) • Changes in gut ❌ • Inflammation
Pathophysiology of T2DM: - Macrovascular (50% of patients): ❌, develops earlier and is more severe - Microvascular (~27% patients): ❌ - Co-morbidities: non-alcoholic ❌ disease, obstructive sleep ❌ and depression
