Blood sugar is regulated by two hormones released from the pancreas. These hormones, insulin and glucagon, have antagonistic expression. Which of the following is true about insulin and glucagon?
A.When one hormone is elevated, the other is low
B. insulin is typically released following a period of not eating so that you can have some sugar for energy
C. glucagon, when released, promotes the uptake of glucose and other sugars into storage cells
A and B
A and C
Suppose you are a Calcium ion in the soil and the plant nearby depends on you for some of its signal transduction properties. After hanging around in the soil for a while, you want to find your way into the xylem of the plant. Upon encountering the root hair, you stumble upon a lot of cellulose and migrate along what seems like an easy route to the xylem until you encounter this impenetrable obstacle. Which choice below describes this scenario best?
You, the calcium ion, found your way into the apoplastic route and have just encountered the vascular cambium and cannot cross into the xylem
you, the calcium ion, found your way into the symplastic route and after crossing through several plasmodesmata realized you can't enter the xylem since you are a positively charged ion and can't cross cell membranes
you, the calcium ion, found your way into the apoplastic route and have just encountered the casparian strip. In order to get into the xylem, you must cross the plasma membrane of that endodermal cell.
You, the calcium ion, found your way into the symplastic route but encountered a dead tracked and it's lignified walls are keeping you out.
Probably the most significant drawback to GMO's is...
Food made with GMO's can readily make people sick
The possibility of utilizing GMO's can readily make people sick
the possibility of utilizing GMO's for biofuels
The potential for the growth of superweeds
they cause allergies
Mutant plants have been isolated whose embryo sacs develop without polar nuclei. What would be the consequences of this mutation?
This plant would not be able to make male gametophytes
this plant's female gametophyte would not survive
upon fertilization, the zygote would be without nourishment and likely not survive
development would be slowed but still successful as long as a fruit and seed coat are still there
the megasporangium would not be able to do meiosis
Fruits are ovaries
True
False
This simplified figure of circles inside circles represents...
Primary growth in woody plants
Secondary growth in woody plants
both primary and secondary growth in woody plants
primary growth of just shoots in woody plants
primary growth of just roots in woody plants
Of the layers of cells listed in the figure, which are INCORRECTLY matched with their corresponding tissue type?
Secondary xylem-vascular tissue
pith- ground tissue
epidermis- dermal tissue
cortex- vascular tissue
secondary phloem- vascular tissue
In general, plants don't get metastatic (means that it spreads) cancer because the cells do not move around. However, plants can get large tumors that resemble cancer. knowing what you know about how cancer works, which cell layer, if "cancerous" would grow a tumor fastest?
Epidermis
Cortex
Vascular Cambium
Secondary xylem
pith
We discussed several mechanisms of negative and positive feedback during this unit. Which of the following are correctly matched?
A. oxytocin's control of labor contractions- positive feedback
B. ethylene's role in fruit ripening- positive feedback
C. Thyroid hormone's role in turning it's own secretion on/off- negative feedback
A, B and C
Your evil roommate hates the color green and decides to paint all of the leaves of your plant with a black paint that doesn't allow light through, What type of cell is primarily affected?
Collenchyma
Parenchyma
xylem cells
sclerenchyma
companion cells
A plant seed...
includes the zygotes and endosperm
includes the zygote, endosperm and ovary
includes the zygote, endosperm and seed coat
includes the zygote and seed coat
includes the endosperm and seed coat
This anterior pituitary hormone promotes growth of bone, muscles and tissues
Growth hormone
aldosterone
antidiuretic hormone
glucagon
oxytocin
water pulled into the plant from a root cell could be found in which parts of the plant
1
2
3
4
any of the above
In which compartment would you find active photosynthesis happening?
1 and 2
3 only
4 only
3 and 4
2, 3 and 4
The weather outside over the past week has been dry and sunny, but the owner of the sunflower in the figure above is making sure to water the flower daily. Which of the following would be true under these conditions?
Transport in compartments 1 and 2 would be faster and happening more often than normal over the past week
Transport in compartments 1 and 2 would be slower and happening less often than normal over the past week
increasing water potential would be driving transpiration at a higher rate than usual
bulk flow would slow due to the lack of rainfall
compartment cells would be releasing more O2 than usual
This annoying kid in your chem lab says he is going to solve the problem of world hunger by eliminating bacteria in the soil so that plants will be healthier. What is/are the problem(s) with that statement?
Bacteria form mycorrhizae with plant roots, providing them with additional absorptive power in the soil
bacteria in the soil perform nitrogen fixation, providing plants with the nitrogen they need to carry out cellular processes
bacteria in the soil cross the apoplastic route and will not be allowed to enter the plant due to the impenetrable ground tissue
bacteria form symbiotic relationships with the plant and provide it with the carbohydrates necessary for it to grow
bacteria do all of the above! that annoying kid is so annoying!
You are taking care of your crazy botanist neighbor's mutated plant over the weekend. You notice that this plant is oddly flexible and lacks the rigid support that you observe in other plants. Which plant cell type might be low functioning or not functioning at all in this mutant plant?
Sclerenchyma
Tracheids
Companion cells
A molecule of oxytocin is circulating around in your blood stream. You receive flowers from your mom for Valentine's Day (although a week late, c'mon mom). How does that oxytocin know to travel to your brain and create the love/bonding feeling that you get when you receive your flowers?
Oxytocin is synthesized in the brain so it's right by where it needs to go
oxytocin will travel to where there are receptors for it
Oxytocin, as a peptide hormone, will easily cross cell membranes but only some cells will interpret its signal as love and bonding
Oxytocin will travel to posterior pituitary cells
none of the above
Which of the plant cell types below would you not find in vascular tissue?
Companion Cells
Sieve tube elements
vessel elements
none of the above (i.e. all would be found in vascular tissue)
Which of the following represent (an) accurate role(s) of H+ in plant biology?
A. Aid in the cotransport of sugar into sugar sinks
B. Aid auxin in helping plants grow via pumping H+ into the cell wall matrix
C. It is the ion that is responsible for membrane potential in plants
You insist to your roommate that while the weather is cold, you should go build a snowman in the center of campus. How does your body work to keep you warm while you are building Olaf the snowman?
Blood vessels to the skin and extremities are vasodilated to keep the skin warm
Blood vessel to the skin and extremities are vasoconstrictor to keep heat more toward the core organs
metabolism in your body slows down to save energy and keep you warm
insulin gets released to give you more energy, thereby warming you up
all of the above
a population of self-fertlizing plants is out competing a population of non self-fertilizing plants in a given habitat, until a parasite invades the area, and after only a few years, only the non- self fertilizing plants are still present. The best explanation for this would be
Evolutionarily adapted plants are more fit for their environment as long as that environment does not change
Genetic variation resulting from non self fertilization is not an advantage in a stable environment
The cost of non self fertilization outweighs the advantages in the short term
All of the above
None of the above
Under what conditions would stomata be closed?
Auxin levels are high
guard cells are turgid
potassium in the cells surrounding the guard cells has flown into the guard cells
abscisic acid levels are high
the air surrounding the tree has a water potential of -50mPa
Pollination...
Requires only the male gametophyte
Cannot happen via mechanisms other than insects' carrying the pollen
Results in a mitotic division of the sperm to generate the pollen tube
Happens on the anther of the flower
Isn't necessary in asexual reproduction
Auxin and phytochrome resemble each other in that...
A. They both contain pigments
B. they both affect gene expression
C. they both antagonize ethylene
B and C
In leaf abscission, some plant cells are undergoing apoptosis so that the leaf can fall out at the right spot and at the right time. The hormone governing this apoptosis is...
Auxin
Abscisic acid
growth hormone
ethylene
phytochrome Pfr
You are a plant cell in the root and recently spent some time elongating, very likely via auxin signaling. What's next for you?
You will begin to specialize in structure and function, joining the zone of differentiation
You will start to undergo a significant number of mitotic divisions, joining the zone of cell division
the H+ from the acid growth mechanism will lignify your cell walls and you will become a xylem cell
cells nearby will be inhibited from growing since you are growing so well
you will become a parenchyma cell because of elongation
The plant embryo...
A. was the zygote before it became the embryo
B. will be the sporophyte after it becomes the embryo
C. can survive independently of endosperm
You are observing an unknown animal species in the Amazon rain forest and want to know whether it is an ectotherm or an endotherm. Which of the following methods would be the least helpful in making this determination?
Determine the animal's method of urine production and compare it to the ambient temperature at various times throughout the day and night
Measure the animal's rate of oxygen consumption and compare it to ambient temperature at various times through out the day and night
Observe the animal's behavior and activity level and compare it to ambient temperature at various times throughout the day and night
Measure the animal's body temperature and compare it to ambient temperature at various times throughout the day and night
What is one way that primary growth in shoots is disrupted?
The vascular cambium stops dividing
Ethylene production decreases
Production of the casparian strip
if an axillary bud is too close to an apical bud
Water potential in the xylem decreases
Which of the following is an example of Homeostasis?
You take a hot shower and your body temperature increases
you go swimming in a cold lake and your body temperature decreases
you overeat for a week and you gain weight
You run a marathon and you get thirsty
Double fertilization in plants is an evolutionary advantage because it
Increases genetic diversity over single fertilization
Ensures endosperm development only occurs in fertilized ovules
Provides a "back up" in case the first fertilization goes wrong
results in "twins" for every new offspring
Doubles the number of offspring
Dwight Schrute (and any plant biology text) would tell you that ____ is the most important inorganic nutrient for plants
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Iron
Calcium
Magnesium
We discussed one positive impact of GMO's is the the ability to engineer food that can address world hunger and malnutrition. One such example was Golden rice, which is rice fortified with __________ to prevent childhood blindness.
Vitamin D
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Iodine
Plants respond to cold stress y altering their plasma membranes. Specifically, how is this done?
By increasing the proportion of saturated fatty acids in their plasma membrane
by increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in their plasma membrane
by increasing the density of the cellulose in their cell walls
By decreasing the density of cellulose in their cell walls
By making their plasma membrane more permeable to water
The diagram on the left descries a molecular switching mechanism. Which is true about the Pf to Pfr interconversion?
A. Pf will covert to Pfr faster than the reverse
B. Pf will convert to Par if conditions are good for the plant to grow and respond to light
C. If seeds are kept in the dark, the majority of the phytochrome if Pf
You leave for the weekend and have your best friend water your plants for you. Its the weekend and your friend is only mildly responsible, so upon your return, he confesses to you that he accidentally watered your plants with lemon lime Gatorade (it was left over mixer from National Marquette Day). Your plant is stressed out but still alive. What probably happened as a result of the gatorade watering event?
Water potential in the soil increased and your plant got dehydrated
water potential in the soil decreased and your plant to dehydrated
water potential in the soil increased and your plant got over hydrated
water potential in the soil decreased and your plant go over hydrated
Where does meiosis occur in a flowering plant?
A megasporocytes
a microsporocyte
pollen tube
zygote
megasporocyte and microsporocyte
You are working with an angiosperm in the lab that periodically grows to have no petals but normal sepals, stamens and carpels. What might be going on?
A. Gene B has some altered expression in your angiosperm
B. Gene A has some altered expression in your angiosperm
C. gene C has some altered expression in your angiosperm
Both A and B are possibilities
your lab mate eats petals
In which of the four flower organs listed in the diagram above would you find the female gametophyte (at any time during an angiosperm life cycle)?
Carpel only
Carpel or sepal
Carpel, sepal or petal
Carpel or stame
Stamen only
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