As a reproductive endocrinologist, you are trying to help a couple pin-point some of their fertility issues. You obtain a sperm sample from the husband and immediately figure out what the issue is. Which of the following would be contributing to the couple's infertility?
sperm composes 10% of the semen sample
acrosomal enzymes are present at the tip of the sperm head
FSH levels in the semen sample are high
prostatic fluid lacks bicarbonate
more than one of these above
in the female, LH targets ____ cells, which can be found in the ____. LH is also the hormone used to detect ___.
Theca; uterus; pregnancy
Leydig; ovaries; ovulation status
theca; ovaries; ovulation status
leydig; uterus; pregnancy
granulosa; ovaries; ovulation status
Which of the following channel types is INCORRECTLY matched with what opens it?
voltage gated sodium channels- opened by voltage near the threshold
ligand gated channels- opened by neurotransmitter binding
leak channels- opened by the sodium-potassium pump
voltage gated potassium channels- opened by voltage
inotropic receptors- opened by neurotransmitter binding
As pregnancy progresses into the second and third trimesters (but still before delivery), levels of which hormone(s) continue to increase?
A. Estrogen
B. Progesterone
C. hCG
A and B
A, B, and C
which of the following would you find in the synaptic cleft of an alpha motor neuron and a muscle cell?
acetylcholinesterase
dopamine
calcium
acetylcholine reuptake transporter
voltage-gated calcium channels
the peripheral nervous system is subdivided into an autonomic and a somatic nervous system. the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system are...
sympathetic, parasympathetic, and motor
sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric
sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory
motor, sensory, and enteric
efferent, afferent, enteric
suppose you are studying a neuron from an alien with strange ions that contribute to its resting potentials and action potentials. How would you be able to figure out which ion plays the biggest role in the cell's resting membrane potential?
you should stimulate the cell and generate an action potential and see which ion is responsible for depolarization
you should stimulate the cell and generate an action potential and see which ion is responsible for repolarization
you should observe the cell at rest and see which ion is most highly concentrated inside the cell
you should observe the cell at rest and see which ion is most highly concentrated outside the cell
you should observe the cell at rest and observe which ion has the largest peak current
which of the following is FALSE regarding spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
they take place in the gonads
they result in haploid gametes
they take place through the entirety of a person's adult life
they involve two meiotic divisions
more than one of the above
you are studying the nervous system of a new kind of mammal, which you plan to name after yourself. as you study the nerves in this mammal, you notice that the propagation of an electrical signal from the brain to its target is extremely slow. Which of the following statements could best describe this finding?
the action potentials must have a lower spike height in these new mammals
resting membrane potential must have a lower spike height in these new mammals
too many IPSP's don't allow the neurons to reach threshold and get an action potential
there must be almost no myelin on the axons to aid in signal propagation
all of these are plausible statements given this finding.
In this same mammal, you are studying a synapse that's somewhere in the midbrain. how would you be able to tell if this synapse is excitatory or inhibitory?
A.if the neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, it's an excitatory synapse
B. if the pre-synaptic cell is hyper polarized, it's an inhibitory synapse
C. if the post-synaptic cell is hyper polarized. it's an inhibitory synapse
D. if K+ is flowing into the post-synaptic cell, it's an inhibitory synapse
C and D
which of the following is true regarding sensory receptors?
olfactory sensory receptors are G-coupled protein receptors
salt and sour taste sensation employ inotropic receptors
bitter and sweet taste sensation work via metabotropic receptors
vestibular sensation is perceived via a mechanoreceptor
all of the above
the corpus luteum in a pregnant female becomes the placenta
True
False
DIAGRAM. which of the following scenarios could result in the level of excitation observed in synapse C?
less neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
faster activity by protein 4
enhanced inhibition by neuron 2
DIAGRAM. a patient of yours has serious ADHD and you prescribe Ritalin. which transition would you expect to see at dopamine-mediated synapses in this patient following an extended time on the medication.
before treatment- synapse B, after treatment- synapse C
before treatment- synapse A, after treatment- synapse C
before treatment- synapseB, after treatment- synapse A
before treatment- synapse C, after treatment- synapse A
DIAGRAM. Opiods...
A. limit the activity of neuron 2
B. decrease voltage gated calcium entry into neuron 1
C. block the action of protein 4
Why does it make sense that estrogen carries out a negative feedback loop on the anterior pituitary hormones during the luteal phase?
because the follicle is preparing for ovulation and the anterior pituitary hormones inhibit ovulation
because the uterus is preparing for pregnancy and there is no need to promote the growth of a new follicle when one was just released
because progesterone is also high and estrogen and progesterone levels have to stay consistent with one another
because the ovaries need to prepare another egg to be released the following month
because the uterus is preparing for pregnancy and in doing so requires high levels of FSH and LH
During human gestation, rudimentary forms of all organs develop...
in the first trimester
in the second trimester
in the third trimester
during the blastocyst stage
during gastrulation
A skeletal muscle deprived of adequate ATP supplies will...
immediately relax
release all actin-myosin bonds
enter a state where actin and myosin are unable to separate
fire many more action potentials than usual and enter a state of "rigor"
sequester all free calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
The two regulatory proteins involved in muscle contraction have several roles. Which of the following roles listed below is INCORRECTLY described?
troponin- Ca2+ binding protein
tropomyosin- ATP binding protein
tropomyosin- covers the myosin binding sites on actin at rest
tropomyosin- works coordinately with troponin to make binding sites available for myosin on actin
troponin- bound to tropomyosin at rest
Transducin...
A. is a G-protein
B. is active in the light
C. when activated, is part of a signaling cascade that depolarizes the photoreceptor cell
I think if I went to a concert in this day and age, I would need serious ear plugs because of the intensity of the sound! what would be happening as my ears transduce the sound during this loud concert?
movement of fluid in the inner ear would stimulate a G-protein coupled receptor
the frequency of sound waves would increase as sound got louder
hair cells in the saccule and utricle would depolarize, sending a signal to the brain about the sound
the ear plugs would increase the amplitude of the sound waves making their way to my ears
none of the above
Smell and taste...
both require receptor cells to transduce the signal to a neuron
sensory transduction requires the activation of G-protein coupled receptors for all smells and tastes
are chemical senses
are referred to as olfaction and vestibulation
have increased in importance in humans over evoluntionary time
on its way from production to fertilization, the order of reproductive organs that the sperm must travel through is:
epididymus, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, Fallopian tube
vas deferens, epididymus, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, Fallopian tube
epididymus, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, uterus, cervix, Fallopian tube
vas deferens, epididymus, urethra, vagina, uterus, cervix, Fallopian tube
epididymus, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, cervix, Fallopian tubes
GRAPH. At point E on the graph, suppose you infuse into the extracellular environment of this neuron solution which very high potassium levels. What would you observe?
A. following infusion, hyper polarization of the resting membrane potential
B. following infusion, depolarization of the resting membrane potential
C. following infusion, an increased driving force for potassium to come into the neuron
A and C
B and C
GRAPH. The undershoot of the action potential temporarily hyper polarizes the membrane. Which of the following contributes most to the hyper polarization of this membrane?
K+ moving out of the cell
K+ moving into the cell
Na+ moving out of the cell
Na+ moving into the cell
Cl- moving into the cell
GRAPH. at which point on the graph above is the Na/K pump at work
A and E
E only
A, D, and E
D and E
A, B, C, D, and E
GRAPH. Permeability to potassium would be highest at....
A
B
C
D
E
What is responsible for the majority of estrogen secretion a few days prior and up to ovulation?
granulosa cells
leydig cells
corpus luteum
the growing follicle
the growing embryo
Sperm mature in this part of the male reproductive system
testes
epididymus
seminal vesicle
prostate gland
vas deferens
in finding Nemo, dory the blue fish has short term memory loss. assuming that fish share many anatomical similarities in their brains as humans (this is only partly true), which structures in the brain may be non-functional in sweet dory?
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
medulla
hippocampus
cell bodies in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord receive information from nocioreceptors about a sensory event from a peripheral nerve. What does this sentence mean?
information about pain is relayed to gray matter of the spinal cord
information about pain is relayed to white matter of the spinal cord
information about vestibular sense is relayed to gray matter of the spinal cord
information about vestibular sense is relayed to white matter of the spinal cord
information about touch is relayed to gray matter of the spinal cord
A slow-twitch muscle fiber...
A. will fatigue faster than a fast-twitch muscle fiber
B. will have more mitochondria than a fast-twitch muscle fiber
C. will cycle through the cross bridge faster than a fast-twitch muscle fiber
What type of muscle are involuntary
skeletal and cardiac
smooth and skeletal
smooth only
cardiac only
smooth and cardiac
if chloride concentration outside the neuron is higher than it is inside the neuron, then a synapse where chloride is the permeable ion would be...
excitatory
inhibitory
FIGURE. there are two calcium channels on the left. which numbers correspond to these calcium channels?
2 and 4
2 and 5
4 and 5
5 and 8
2 and 8
FIGURE. through which channels would sodium flow through?
FIGURE. a mutation in the muscle cell disrupts the interaction of 6 and 7 in the labeled diagram. what would be the result of this mutation?
A. no muscle contraction
B. no muscle relaxation
C. no acton potential generated in the muscle cell
In the cross bridge cycle, what is myosin bound to in its high-energy confirmation?
A. actin
B. ADP and Pi
C. ATP
Troponin
Which muscle fiber is always recruited first?
Type I
Type IIa
Type IIb
Type IIx
Type III
the cells in the retina whose axons become the optic nerve are the ganglion cells
