Short-term adaptation to environmental stress is
acclimation
acclimatization
thermoregulation
adaptations
85 °F is equal to °C
47.2
29.4
27.5
65
Transfer of heat from a solid object to a solid object is
convection
evaporation
conduction
radiation
Transfer of heat from air or water currents is
What is the primary method for discharging the resting body’s heat?
What is the primary method for discharging the resting body’s heat
The primary avenue of heat loss during exercise is
Which of the following are considered avenues of dry heat exchange?
All of these are correct
Wind increases heat loss from the skin primarily by
sweating
All of these are correct.
Which of the following is incorrect?
Insulation limits dry heat exchange.
Clothing adds resistance to evaporative cooling
Cooling of the skin does occur as sweat evaporates from wet clothing surfaces, and this cooling power is greater than evaporation directly from the skin to the air.
Sweat must evaporate in order for cooling to occur
Internal body temperature at rest is regulated at approximately
37 ºC
40 ºC
98.6 ºC
32 ºC
Thermoreceptors detect changes in temperature and relay this information to your body’s thermostat located
in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus
in blood
in the posterior hypothalamus
The receptors that monitor temperature of blood as it circulates through the body are
thermoreceptors
central receptors
peripheral receptors
Skin vasoconstriction results primarily from
SNS release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
sympathetic cholinergic release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
the hormonal secretion of epinephrine
None of these is correct
The primary neurotransmitter involved in activating the sweat glands is
norepinephrine
epinephrine
acetylcholine
None of these is correct.
Metabolic heat production can be increased by the actions of the hormone(s), such as
thyroxine
The critical temperature theory states that
working muscle blood flow is well maintained even at very high core temperatures unless significant dehydration occurs
. regardless of the rate at which core temperature increases, the brain will send signals to stop exercise when some critical temperature is reached, usually between 40 and 41 °C
heat production is beneficial when you exercise in a cold environment because it helps maintain normal body temperature
Mineral and fluid loss in sweat during exercise in the heat stimulates increased release of ____________________________, thus reducing fluid and mineral loss in the urine.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
aldosterone and ADH
insulin and cortisol
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining appropriate sodium levels?
ADH
aldosterone
Which hormone is responsible for maintaining fluid balance?
cortisol
Which of the following provides a single temperature reading to estimate the cooling capacity of the surrounding environment
WBGT index
heat index
The wet bulb temperature in the WBGT index
indicates the effect of sweat evaporating from the skin
is an indication of the conductive heat loss potential
Which of the following is not a symptom of exercise and thermal dehydration?
decreased heart rate
decreased work rate
increased body temperature
Which of the following are adaptations that occur with heat acclimation?
decreased core temperature
increased heart rate
decreased plasma volume
decreased stroke volume
Which is the correct order by which our bodies avoid excessive heat loss?
shivering, nonshivering thermogenesis, peripheral vasoconstriction
. nonshivering thermogenesis, shivering, peripheral vasoconstriction
peripheral vasoconstriction, nonshivering thermogenesis, and shivering
shivering, peripheral vasoconstriction, nonshivering thermogenesis
Windchill
is an index based on the cooling effect of wind, or the cooling power of the environment
represents the temperature of the wind
represents the temperature of the air
Exposure to cold markedly increases epinephrine and norepinephrine.
FFA levels increase substantially more during prolonged exercise in cold conditions.
Cold exposure triggers vasoconstriction in the vessels.
Hypothermia can occur when water temperature is well above freezing.
Sitting in a hot sauna can adequately prepare the individual for physical exertion in the heat.
Central thermoreceptors are far more sensitive to temperature change than peripheral receptors
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
. Strength gains over 4 weeks to 2 years of training vary by training status, and the greatest strength increases are observed in elite athletes
Strength gains between men and women are similar when expressed as a percentage of initial strength.
Strength gains between children and adults are similar when expressed as a percentage of initial strength.
Strength gains when reported as absolute weight are higher in men than in women.
Rate coding may be increased with resistance training.
Rapid movement or ballistic-type training appears to be effective in stimulating increases in rate coding.
A reduction in coactivation of agonists and antagonists is one way in which neural factors may contribute to strength gains achieved with resistance training.
Resistance training in the elderly (>70 years of age) results in increases in muscle strength but not muscle mass.
The muscle fiber hypertrophy that occurs with chronic resistance training appears to result from
a net increase in glycogen storage in the muscle fibers
a net increase in muscle protein synthesis
an increase in the water content of the muscle fibers
increased testosterone secretion
Evidence from recent research indicates that a carbohydrate and protein supplement, taken immediately after a resistance training bout, can
prevent muscle cramps
prevent delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
reduce the rate of protein degradation in muscle, resulting in a more positive nitrogen balance
reduce the number of exercise sets needed to achieve a given level of strength improvement
Which of the following is a true statement regarding hypertrophy of whole muscle in response to resistance training?
Whole-muscle hypertrophy in humans has been shown to result solely from muscle fiber hypertrophy.
Some research has suggested that muscle fiber hyperplasia may contribute to whole-muscle hypertrophy in humans.
Increases in muscle size do not occur in nonhumans in response to resistance exercise.
Most research evidence indicates that training-induced whole-muscle hypertrophy in humans
results mainly from increases in the number of muscle fibers
results mainly from increases in the size of individual muscle fibers
Which of the following is incorrect concerning current theory on fiber splitting in humans?
Individual muscle fibers have the capacity to divide and split into two daughter cells, each of which can then develop into a functional muscle fiber.
Muscle injury results from intense training, particularly concentric-action training.
Satellite cells are typically activated by muscle stretching and injury.
When muscle atrophies, the cross-sectional area and several studies have shown this effect to be greater in type fibers.
increases; IIa
decreases; I
decreases; IIa
increases; I
Which of the following is true concerning the effects of resistance training on muscular strength and size?
Men and women participating in comparable strength training programs achieve similar strength gains
Children cannot achieve meaningful strength improvements through resistance training.
Which of the following is incorrect concerning fiber type conversion?
a. Cross-innervation studies demonstrated interconversion between type I and type II fibers.
b. Chronic, low-frequency nerve stimulation transforms type II motor units into type I motor units.
c. Transition of type IIx fibers to type IIa fibers occurs with resistance training.
A combination of high-intensity resistance training and short-interval speed work can lead to a conversion of type I to type IIa fibers.
There are no incorrect responses.
The major objective of exercise training is to
maintain an ideal body weight
cause physiological adaptations specific to the type of training
increase endurance capacity
Aerobic training improves central and peripheral blood flow.
V\od\O2max may be defined by the Fick equation.
V\od\O2max = Q\od\max divided by a-vO2 difference.
Which of the following is the best objective laboratory measure of aerobic power, or cardiorespiratory endurance?
maximal oxygen uptake
lactate threshold
maximal expiratory ventilation
Submaximal endurance capacity
a. is measured with a V\od\O2max test
b. is more closely related to competitive endurance performance than is maximal endurance capacity
c. is probably determined by both a person's V\od\O2 and his or her lactate threshold
a and b
b and c
The increase in heart muscle mass with resistance training is due to
repeated exposure to the decreased afterload
repeated exposure to the increased afterload
repeated exposure to increased plasma volume
Cardiovascular adaptations that occur with resistance training are primarily due to a. pressure changes that occur with resistance training
pressure changes that occur with resistance training
the pressor response
volume changes
Of the following factors, which is considered the most important contributor to the improvement in stroke volume with endurance training?
increased blood volume
increased cardiac contractility
decreased arterial blood pressure
Increased contractile force of the heart causes
an increase in end-systolic volume
a decrease in end-systolic volume
no change in end-systolic volume
What is a possible reason for lower maximal heart rates observed in endurance-trained athletes?
Slower heart rates increase ventricular filling time.
Slower heart rate increases afterload.
An increase in mechanical efficiency is a possible explanation for
a lower oxygen consumption at a given submaximal exercise workload after training
a higher oxygen consumption rate at a given submaximal exercise work load after training
Hypoxia is best defined as
oxygen deficiency
difficulty breathing
Barometric pressure on Earth
remains constant
does not vary according to the time of year
varies slightly with changes in climatic conditions
In response to exposure to high altitude,
pulmonary ventilation decreases
chemoreceptors are stimulated by high PCO2 and therefore increase pulmonary ventilation
pulmonary ventilation is increased primarily by increases in tidal volume
