What monomer units make up the DNA molecule?
Nucleotides
Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Phospholipids
Which of the four nucleotide bases are purine bases?
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
How many carbon rings do purine bases have?
One
Two
Which of the four bases are pyramidine bases?
How many carbon rings do pyramidine bases have?
In which direction do the nucleotide chains run in?
5' to 3'
3' to 5'
What type of sequences do restriction enzymes recognize?
Palindromic sequences
Repetitive sequences
Sequences that only occur once in the whole of our genome
All restriction enzymes recognize the same sequence. True or false?
Restriction enzymes that cut in the middle of the palindrome leave....
Blunt ends
Sticky ends
Restriction enzymes that cut at the end of the palindrome leave......
What enzyme could be considered the opposite to a restriction enzyme?
RNA polymerase
DNA ligase
DNA polymerase
How do restriction enzymes cut DNA?
They hydrolyse the phosphdiester backbone
They perform a condensation reaction on the phosphodiester backbone
They hydrolyse the hydrogen bonds between DNA bases
What type of bonds does DNA ligase form in DNA?
Phosphodiester bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Peptide bonds
Triple carbon bonds
What is the main piece of equipment required for gel electrophoresis?
Agrose gel plate
Test tube
Restriction enzyme
DNA primers
Free nucleotides
What is gel electrophoresis used for?
To determine the size of DNA fragments
To map out plasmids
To replicate large amounts of DNA
Are DNA fragments positively or negatively charged?
Positively
Negatively
Which end of the agrose gel plate will the DNA samples move towards?
The positive end
The negative end
Which fragments will move further during gel electrophoresis?
Smaller ones
Larger ones
What are restriction maps used for?
To determine the size of fragments of DNA
To discover new restriction enzymes
To isolate restriction enzymes for later use
If a restriction enzyme cuts a plasmid in one place only, how many fragments of the plasmid will there be in total?
Three
Not enough information
If a restriction enzyme cuts a plasmid in two places only, how many plasmid fragments will there be?
What is Polyermerase Chain Reaction (PCR) used for?
Replicating known sequences of DNA
Replicating unknown sequences of DNA
Mapping out DNA sequence on a plasmid
Cutting DNA at a particular sequence
What is missing from this list of what is required to complete PCR? Template, 2 primers, free nucleotides, buffer.
More primers
What are the three stages of PCR?
Denaturation
Annealing
Extension
Replication
Repetition
What temperature should denauration take place at in PCR?
95 degrees
50-65 degrees
72 degrees
At what temperature should the annealing stage of PCR take place at?
At what temperature should the extension stage of PCR taken place at?
90 degrees
If there were four strands of DNA in the PCR before one cycle, how many would there be after the cycle has completed?
Four
Eight
Sixteen
What is the purpose of the denaturation stage of PCR?
To separate the strands of DNA
To damage the DNA so that it cannot replicate as it would do in the cell
To heat the DNA until it is no longer able to code for specific proteins
What enzyme extends the DNA strand during the extension phase of PCR?
When would you use cloning instead of PCR to replicate DNA?
When there are more than 1000 base pairs in the sequence
When the base sequence is unknown
When the base sequence in known
When the base sequence contains too many repetitions
Why is E. coli often used in the cloning process?
Because it grows rapidly in cheap material
Because it is the easiest bacteria to make safe for human use
Because it is easy to extract the DNA from
Because it is easy to re-insert the plasmid into
Because it is a very common bacteria
Because it has no cell membranes
