All cells have the same genes. True or false?
Which of these are examples of house-keeping genes?
Glycolysis enzymes
DNA polymerase
Genes that code for haemoglobin
Genes that code for melanin
Genes that code for the cytoskeleton
What are the types of transcript?
Abundant transcript
Rare transcript
No transcript
Positive transcript
Negative transcript
To what level are house-keeping genes normally transcribed?
When might genes that usually have no transcript be transcribed?
During development
In response to a stimuli
In disease states
The amount that genes are transcribed cannot be altered. True or false?
What are transcription factors?
Proteins that bind to DNA to prevent or allow transcription to occur
Proteins that bind to DNA and unwind it initiating transcription
Proteins that bind to RNA polymerase making it more efficient
What two transcription factors are present in the Lac Operon?
CAP Protein
Lac represser
Lac ZYA
TATA proteins
Where do transcription factors bind to in eukaryotes?
The major groove in DNA
The minor groove in DNA
The promoter
The telomere
Why do transcription factors bind to the major groove?
The base pairs are not exposed in the minor groove
There are more binding sites in the major groove
The major groove is more recognizable
There is not enough room in the minor groove
Transcription factors have to unwind DNA to find their binding point. True or false?
What are TATA boxes?
A part of DNA made up of many thymines and adenines which act as a binding site for transcription factors
An area of DNA where thymine and adenine alternate for more then 100 base pairs to signal the end of an intron
An area of DNA where thymines and adenines are added gradually throughout life that scientists use to estimate the age of someone
What transcription factor binds to TATA boxes?
TBP
CAP protein
What are regulatory elements?
Specific patterns that are recognized by regulatory factors
Generic patterns that are recognized by a variety of regulatory factors
Palindromic patterns in DNA that are recognized by regulatory factors
In eukaryotes, often it requires many transcription factors to lead to transcription. True or false?
Are histones positively or negatively charged?
Positively
Negatively
Why do histones need to positively charged?
So they can bind to DNA
So they can move through the nuclear membrane
So they can move through the cell membrane
So they don't interact with protein synthesis
How do transcription factors make histones disassociate from DNA?
They acetylate them so there is no positive charge
They give DNA in that area a neutral charge so the histones can no longer bind to it
They add chloride ions to the histones to make them negatively charged
Why is it necessary to disassociate the histones from DNA?
So that transcription can occur
So DNA can be replicated
So that DNA can coil up tight enough to fit within the nucleus of the cell
To allow DNA to be studied under a microscope
To allow DNA to form its double helix shape
The less differentiated a cell is the more likely it is able to go back to its undifferentiated state. True or false?
