What type of radiation occurs when using ultrasonography?
Mechanical
Gamma
Beta
Ultraviolet
Sound
What are the two types of waves that ultrasonography detects?
Compression
Shear
Supression
Tension
Short wavelength
What is the region of frequency for ultrasonography?
1-20MHz
100-250MHz
1000-2500MHz
What is absorption? (Ultrasonography)
When the US energy is converted into heat
When US energy is unable to be detect
When the US energy reaches a point and bounces back to the detector
What factors can cause the amplitude to be reduced during an ultrasound? (Three answers)
Tissue Properties
Frequency
Distance travelled
Strength of the wavelength
Is this the correct definition for refraction? When some or all energy is diverted from its original path
Is this the correct definition for diffraction? Divergence of a beam from sound source
Is this the correct definition of Scatter? Some energy is reflected from a boundary
Explain attenuation....
The loss of power or amplitude of the ultrasound signal as it passes through tissue
The ability for the ultrasound to 'attenuate' a low signal, thus making it more detectable
Attenuation = absorption + scatter + reflection
This is the term given to the adaptation of the signal as it finds the target tissue.
Tick all the different types of ultrasound scans
Continuous * pulsed wave
Pulse-Echo principles (A-scan)
B-Mode image
Transmit focussing
Focused
Simple
Z-mode
Is this the correct definition for the Doppler effect? The difference between the transmitted frequency (Ft) and the received frequency (Fr)
Is it true that colour Dopplers show the difference between arteries and veins?
Which of these are relevant to Power Doppler, but not Colour Doppler?
Angle independent
Better Boundary detection
Detect Blood flow
Image noise in random flashes of colour
Choose the benefits of using ultrasound...
Real-time Guidance
Non-ionising radiation
Speed
Portable
What is the correct equation for blood pressure?
Cardiac output x Total peripheral resistance
Cardiac output x aortic pressure
Heart rate x Stroke volume
Tick the different layers of a blood vessel
Tunica Media
Tunica intima
Tunia Adventitia
Tunica medium
Tunica interna
Is it true or false that perivascular nerves are found on the outside of the tunica adventitia?
Is this statement true? When vascular smooth muscle relaxes vessel diameter decreases
What vessels are key in controlling resistance for circulation?
Small arteries & arterioles
large arteries & arteriole
Veins
Venules
Define; Isometric tension recording
Measuring tension generated by the vascular wall with diameter of the vessel constantly changing.
Measuring tension generated by the vascular wall with diameter of the vessel remaining constant
Would isometric tension recording occur, in vitro or in vivo?
In vitro
in vivo
Is this statement true? Wire myography requires dissection skills and is better used for small vessels with an internal diameter of 100-400 micrometers.
What do changes in tension of a blood vessel indicate?
Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction
Is this statement true? Nitric Oxide is a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
Pick from the list below, the disadvantages of the cardiovascular techniques studied;
Difficulty in studying long term changes
Cannot measure flow-induced relaxation
Freshly prepared vessels can be viable for hours
What does a stretch in smooth muscle cause?
Causes muscle contraction
Causes a tear in the endothelial cells
Causes muscle relaxation
Causes a complex molecular signalling pathway that causing a release of further signalling substances
Is this statement true? Shear stress has frictional force on the endothelium leading to vasoconstriction
What causes the impairment in the sheer stress mechanism to cause vasoconstriction?
Cardiovascular disease
Ageing
Atherosclerosis
Renal impairment