A delusion is a(n) ____.
Loss of memory for part of one's past
Unfounded belief
Inability to understand abstract concepts
Sensory experience that does not correspond to reality
A key difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is in regard to ____.
how rapidly the cycles occur
whether they include full-blown manic phases
how many relatives also have the condition
whether they develop suddenly at an early age or gradually at a later age
After damage in and around the ventromedial hypothalamus, animals are more likely to ____.
Overeat and gain weight
Produce low levels of the hormone CCK
Refuse food and lose weight
Be slow in their digestion
After damage to the lateral hypothalamus, animals ____.
Show normal hypovolemic thirst but not osmotic thirst
Eat more
Show normal osmotic thirst but not hypovolemic thirst
Eat less
An advantage of maintaining a constant body temperature is that it:
Minimizes the energy that must be expended on basal metabolism
Enables an animal to stay equally active at all environmental temperatures
Enables an animal to detect changes in the temperature of the environment
Enables an animal to survive on a wider variety of diets
An example of a “negative symptom” of schizophrenia is:
Thought disorder
Hallucinations
Delusions
Poor emotional expression
Cells in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus monitor which temperatures?
Differences between internal organs and the skin
Internal organs
Differences between the arteries and veins
Their own and the skin
What is one current recommendation for raising children who have intersex conditions?
Initially identify the child as male or female based mainly on the predominant external appearance of genitalia but be prepared for possible changes in gender identity later
Do not use any gender pronouns at all
Identify the child as female, and have genital surgery performed as soon as possible
Raise the child according to whether the chromosomes are male or female
Eating salty potato chips increases the amount of sodium in the ____.
osmotic fluid
intracellular fluid
nuclear fluid
extracellular fluid
Glucagon stimulates the liver to ____.
convert stored glycogen to glucose
store glucose
convert glucose to glycogen
decrease blood glucose levels
High levels of leptin are associated with ____.
Increased activity and eating
Decreased activity and increased eating
Increased activity and decreased eating
Decreased activity and eating
Many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden ____.
Increase in leptin
Increase of prolactin and decrease of oxytocin
Surge of prolactin and oxytocin
Drop in testosterone levels
Most depressed people show ___ activity in the ___ prefrontal cortex.
Increased; left
Increased; right
Decreased; right
Decreased; left
One important difference between organizing effects and activating effects of hormones is that activating effects ____.
Control only the peripheral nervous system
Take place mostly during an early sensitive period
Are shorter-term
Cause the pituitary gland to release another hormone
Research suggests that the brain abnormalities in people with schizophrenia develop:
Late in life and remain fairly steady
Late in life and progressively get worse
Early and then remain fairly steady
Early and progressively get worse
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors operate similarly to ____.
Antabuse
Tricyclics
MAOIs
L-Dopa
Sex differences are to ____ as gender differences are to ____.
Identity; anatomy
Adults; children
Excitation; inhibition
Anatomy; identity
The brain gets part of its information regarding low osmotic pressure from ___.
receptors around the third ventricle
the duodenum
the blood brain barrier, equally throughout the brain
the thalamus
The frequency of homosexuality in men is highest if ____.
An adopted brother is homosexual
A dizygotic twin brother is homosexual
A sister is homosexual
A monozygotic twin brother is homosexual
The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are ____.
Attacks of anxiety that prevent active behaviour
Anterograde and retrograde amnesia
Outbursts of unprovoked violent behaviour
Tremors and other involuntary movements
Which of the following best descibes the role of insulin?
It acts as a key to "allow access" of glucose into cells
It reduces the sensation of thirst
It increases the sensation of fullness
It sends information to the hypothalamus about long term fat supplies
Vasopressin raises blood pressure by:
Decreasing the blood's salt concentration
Increasing the blood's salt concentration
Causing the blood vessels to dilate
Constricting the blood vessels
What causes hypovolemic thirst?
Low blood volume
Dryness of the throat
Too much salt in the diet
Increased concentration of solutes in the blood
What is one of the best treatments for seasonal affective disorder?
Adrenal hormones
Dietary changes
Bright light
Electroconvulsive shock therapy
What would cause a mammal to develop the external anatomy of a male, regardless of its chromosomes?
Deprivation of estradiol during an early stage of development
Exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development
An infusion of testosterone at puberty
Exposure to neither testosterone nor estradiol during an early stage of development
Which of the following is unique to genetic males early in development?
Wolffian ducts
Müllerian inhibiting hormone
Primitive gonads
Müllerian ducts
Which is true of androgens and estrogens?
Males and females both have androgens and estrogens, but in different amounts
Only males have androgens; only females have estrogens
Only males have estrogens; only females have androgens
Males and females have androgens and estrogens in similar amounts
Which is true when considering the role of genetics in depression?
Late-onset depression has higher heritability than early-onset depression
Adopted children who become depressed are more likely to have depressed adoptive relatives than depressed biological relatives
Depression in males runs in families, depression in females does not
Adopted children who become depressed are more likely to have depressed biological relatives than depressed adoptive relatives
Which of the following characterizes total brain activity, as measured by the rate of glucose metabolism, in those suffering from mood disorders?
Low in mania and high in depression
High in both mania and depression
High in mania and low in depression
Low in both mania and depression
Wolffian ducts are found in ____.
female and male fetuses early in development
genetic female fetuses only
genetic male fetuses only
female and male fetuses until shortly before birth
