Which of the following correctly describe(s) the differences between muscle tissue types
smooth muscle cells may have gap junctions, but skeletal muscle cells never have gap junctions
skeletal muscle cells contain myofilaments, but smooth muscle does not
cardiac muscle cells are multinucleate, but smooth muscle cells are uninucleate
skeletal muscle is voluntarily controlled, but cardiac muscle is involuntary
Muscle compartments
are comprised of groups of muscles that work together (synergistically) to produce a movement
are surrounded by connective tissue called perimysium
are potential spaces created by interconnected connective tissues that extend from the superficial fascia to the endomysium of the muscle
support the passage of large blood vessels and nerves supplying skeletal muscles
Motor neurons that control skeletal muscle
have cell bodies located in the gray matter of the spinal cord
have one or more axons, depending on how many muscle cells it innervates
may be controlled voluntarily or involuntarily
with all the muscle cells it innervates comprises a motor unit
All of the required components of a polysynaptic reflex arc in correct sequence are
sensory neuron-motor neuron-effector
sensory neuron-interneuron-motor neuron
receptor-sensory neuron-interneuron-motor neuron-effector
receptor-interneuron-effector
The skeletal muscle stretch reflex does not result in conscious perception.
Proteins (choose all that apply)
may be used by cells to produce ATP
are built from 20 possible amino acids
are monomers
are made by binding amino acids together by the process of dehydration synthesis (aka condensation)
The functions of proteins in human cells include (choose all that apply)
inheritance
Support and intracellular movement
transmembrane transport
enzymes
The basic unit of life (choose all that apply)
must be able to respond to short-term changes in its environment and maintain function
is classified as either carbohydrate, protein, lipid, or nucleic acid
is able to reproduce itself
is composed of the same set of chemical elements as non-living things
One important difference between living and non-living things is
only living things respond to short-term changes in the environment to maintain function
non-living things do not absorb the energy of sunlight
non-living things do not release energy
carbon is found only in living things
Which one of the following best describes the metabolism of an organism
uses up a significant amount of ATP
the efficient conversion of kinetic energy into potential energy
includes all the chemical reactions that take place within that organism
must occur at a constant rate at all times
Cell membranes are made mostly of
cholesterol
phospholipids
proteins
water
Enzymes (choose all that apply)
contain covalent bonds between monomers
catalyze chemical reactions that otherwise would never happen
are present at all times during the life of a cell
are manufactured at ribosomes.
All cells must manufacture proteins, so all cells must have
ATP
DNA
ribosomes
amino acids
What do atoms form when they share a pair of electrons? (choose all that apply)
molecules
ions
covalent bonds
isotopes
The attraction of water molecules to each other (choose all that apply)
makes it easier for water molecules to evaporate
allows them to dissolve all carbon containing molecules
is best explained by their tendency to form hydrogen bonds
helps the body resist changes in temperature
Nitrogen (N) is much more electronegative than hydrogen (H). Which of the following statements is correct about ammonia (NH3)?
each hydrogen atom in the molecule has a partial positive charge
the nitrogen atom has a strong positive charge
each hydrogen atom has a slight negative charge
there are hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atoms of the NH3 molecule
Which substance is the most basic?
Vinegar pH 6.5)
Windex Window Cleaner (pH 7.8)
Simple Green All-Purpose Cleaner (pH 9.5)
Clorox (pH 8.2)
Chemical buffers help resist an acidic shift in pH by
combining with H+ released from acids
combining with OH-
releasing H+
forming hydrogen bonds
ATP (choose all that apply)
is manufactured by re-arranging the carbon skeleton and other elements in food molecules
cannot be stored in a cell for future use
is both used and made in cellular respiration
is a carbohydrate
Which of the following cell organelles provide a place for metabolic reactions that either make or use cellular energy?
mitochondria
nucleus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
Some white blood cells (WBCs) phagocytize invading pathogens, such as bacteria. Which of the following is/are true about this function?
WBCs manufacture digestive enzymes for intracellular destruction
Destruction of phagocytized material takes place in the cytosol of the WBC
Phagocytosis is one form of active transport across the plasma membrane of the cell.
Lysosomes are unique to some WBCs; not all cells have lysosomes since not all cells phagocytize bacteria.
Mitosis refers only to nuclear division. Separation of the entire cell into two daughter cells following mitosis is called
cytokinesis
mitosis
meiosis
karyokinesis
Phospholipids of the plasma membrane
are arranged as a bilayer with their polar heads sandwiched between the nonpolar tails
are arranged in a bilayer with their non-polar tails sandwiched between polar heads
around a central layer of cholesterol
prevent the passive transport of most water soluble solutes across the membrane
An example of a tissue in the body is
serous membrane
epithelium
stomach
skeletal muscle cell
The zygote
is diploid
is the origin of the tissues creating the embryo, but not the tissues that produce the placenta
implants in the uterus
is another name for an egg in the ovary
The process that involves the movement of cells into new relative positions in an embryo
produces the three embryonic germ layers
is called cleavage
results in fertilization
results in morphogenesis
True or False. Without the formation of ectoderm, the embryo would not develop a nervous system.
Which of the following is/are true about a lumen in the human body?
would be lined by an epithelial tissue
is a space through which light is meant to pass
is the hollow interior of an organ
the surface of the body is considered a lumen, since it is covered with epithelial tissue
The skeletal system functions
as a boundary organ system, exchanging minerals with the outside environment
to release calcium and other minerals from the matrix of bone tissue to help maintain homeostasis
as the only protection for the visceral organs of the abdominal cavity
produce movement, by providing a framework against skeletal muscle tissues work.
Compact bone tissue organization
covers the surface of all bones
around the medullary cavity of a long bone is surrounded by periosteum and lined by endosteum
contains osteons
lacks a direct blood supply
Which of the following is/are true about bone marrow
red bone marrow is found in flat bones only
bone marrow and all bone tissues are derived from endoderm
red bone marrow produces red blood cells and yellow bone marrow produces white blood cells
yellow bone marrow contains connective tissues that support the passage of blood vessels and nerves in the medullary cavity of long bones
True or False. Canaliculi contain blood vessels that supply osteocytes with a means of nutrient and waste exchange.
