Matthew Coulson
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The first afternoon of the course - first lecture given.

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Matthew Coulson
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Introduction & Physiology of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology

Introduction & Physiology of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology

Pregunta 1 de 33

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Alcoholic beverages typically utilise yeasts in their production, especially ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii, Saccharomyces eubayanus, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis ) (commonly known as baker's yeast).

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 33

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Vinegar is scientifically known as acid

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Pregunta 3 de 33

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Which of the following fungi is used in the production of citric acid?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Aspergillus Niger

  • Aspergillus Nidulans

  • Aspergillus Oryzae

  • Aspergillus Fumigatus

  • Aspergillus Flavus

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 33

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Antibiotics are ( secondary, primary, tertiary ) metabolites synthesized by filamentous bacteria and fungi

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Pregunta 5 de 33

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Which type of enzyme is found in washing powders?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Proteases

  • Amylases

  • Lipases

  • Cellulase

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 33

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Which two enzymes are the main regulators of glucose breakdown?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Alpha amylase

  • Beta amylase

  • Delta amylase

  • Amyloglucosidase

  • Glucoamylase

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 33

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are organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles.
are organisms made up of cells that possess a membrane-bound nucleus that holds genetic material as well as membrane-bound organelles.

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 33

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Prokaryote or Eukaryote?
Archaea = ( Prokaryote, Eukaryote )
Fungi = ( Eukaryote, Prokaryote )
Protozoa = ( Eukaryote, Prokaryote )
Algae = ( Eukaryote, Prokaryote )
Bacteria = ( Prokaryote, Eukaryote )

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 33

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There are 3 types of Archaea:
- Adapted to environments with high salt concentrations
- Archaea which produce methane
- Adapted to environments with extremely high temperatures

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 33

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Thermus Aquaticus gives rise to which useful genetic enzyme?

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Pregunta 11 de 33

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Almost all industrial bacteria are members of which two subgroups of Eubacteria?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Proteobacteria

  • Gram Positive Eubacteria

  • Chlamydia

  • Cyanobacteria

  • Spirochetes

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 33

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One of the defining features of prokaryotic organisms is membrane bound organelles

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

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Pregunta 13 de 33

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The genetic material of Prokaryotes is typically found within ( a single circular chromosome of DNA, multiple parallel chromosomes, a number of interconnected plasmids )

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Pregunta 14 de 33

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Prokaryotes conduct cell division via ( binary fission, mitosis )
Eukaryotes conduct cell division via ( mitosis, binary fission )

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 33

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Gram ( positive, negative ) organisms have 1 cell membrane and a thick layer of peptidoglycan
Gram ( negative, positive ) organisms have 2 cell membranes and a thin layer of peptidoglycan in between

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 33

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The inner membrane of a gram negative organism is also known as the membrane

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Pregunta 17 de 33

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( Escherichia Coli, Bacillus Subtilis ) is a gram negative bacterium which is a facultative anaerobe commonly used in the production of heterologous industrial microorganisms
( Bacillus Subtilis, Escherichia Coli ) is a gram positive bacterium which is a facultative anaerobe commonly used in the production of industrial enzymes such as amylases and proteases

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 33

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Eukaryotes are typically ( larger, smaller ) than prokaryotes

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Pregunta 19 de 33

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In eukaryotes, the nucleus is usually bound within a ( double membrane, single membrane )

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Pregunta 20 de 33

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The cell walls of eukaryotes consist mainly of
The cell walls of fungi consist mainly of

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 33

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What are the two broad subgroups of Fungi? (alphabetical order, plural)

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 33

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Match the subtype of Fungi to its structure:
Mold -
Yeast -

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    Filamentous Hyphae
    Unicellular

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 33

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Which of the four main classes of Fungi contain the Yeasts?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Phycomycetes

  • Ascomycetes

  • Basidomycetes

  • Deuteromycetes

Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 33

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Microorganisms can be classified into two broad categories based on their energy source:
= Obtain energy by oxidation of organic or inorganic molecules
= Obtains energy via light

Microorganisms can also be classified into two groups based on their carbon source:
= Utilise a wide range of organic molecules as their carbon source
= Utilise CO2 as their sole or primary carbon source

Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 33

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Most fermentation reactions are ( heterotrophic, autotrophic )

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Pregunta 26 de 33

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are microorganisms that can grow on minimal media containing only carbon and energy sources and basic mineral elements
are microorganisms that require additional organic substances such as amino acids or vitamins

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    Prototrophs
    Auxotrophs

Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 33

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Microbial Growth Kinetics:
= Closed system whereby all nutrients are present at the start of the process.
= Fresh medium is added as the reaction progresses but no old medium is removed.

= Fresh medium is continuously fed into the fermentation vessel but used medium is removed at the same rate, creating optimum conditions for growth.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    Continuous growth
    Fed-batch growth
    Batch growth
    Intermittent growth

Explicación

Pregunta 28 de 33

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The main difference between Fed-batch and Continuous growth is that:
In ( Fed batch growth, Continuous growth ) the overall volume increases as the reaction progresses
In ( Continuous growth, Fed batch growth ) the overall volume remains constant throughout the reaction

Explicación

Pregunta 29 de 33

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What are the four growth phases of a microorganism?
Phase: This initial phase is characterized by cellular activity but not growth. Cells are placed in media which allows them to synthesize proteins and other molecules necessary for replication however they do not actually divide.
Phase: This is the time when the cells are dividing by binary fission and doubling in numbers after each generation time.
Phase: Available nutrients become depleted and waste products start to accumulate. Bacterial cell growth reaches a plateau, or stationary phase, where the number of dividing cells equal the number of dying cells.
Phase: As nutrients become less available and waste products increase, the number of dying cells continues to rise. The number of living cells decreases exponentially and population growth experiences a sharp decline.

Explicación

Pregunta 30 de 33

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In which growth phase are antibiotics typically most effective?

(See description for details)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Lag

  • Exponential (Log)

  • Stationary

  • Death

Explicación

Pregunta 31 de 33

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Primary metabolism produces products essential for growth and replication. This comprises the Phases and is also known as .
Secondary metabolism produces products important in ecological and other activities of the cell. This comprises the Phases and is also known as .

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    Trophophase
    Idiophase
    Stationary and Death
    Lag and Exponential

Explicación

Pregunta 32 de 33

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Antibiotics are produced by the ( secondary metabolism, primary metabolism )

Explicación

Pregunta 33 de 33

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The 'Disadvantages of Batch Fermentation' slide (slide 37) seems very examinable. This could easily come up as 'Compare and contrast the different methods of fermentation' e.g. comparing batch and fed-batch to continuous.
Go over and remember a few of the differences, such as:

- Batch fermentation means that the system never achieves a steady state due to the constantly changing conditions of the environment.
- Batch fermentation involves a lot of practical steps and procedures which gives more room for human error and contamination
- Theoretically, the exponential phase in a continuous culture can be extended indefinitely as if you keep providing new material and removing old, used culture material the organism will never run out of nutrients.

Click 'True' to continue.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

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