The forearm is also known as the?
Crus
Sural region
Antebrachium
Antecubitum
The calf is also know as what region?
Crural region
Peroneal region
Popliteal region
The right ear would be considered to be _______ to the left hand?
Ipsilateral
Transverse
Contralateral
Saggital
What defines the human body plan? Select all that apply.
Tube-within-a-tube body plan, pharyngeal pouches
Opposable thumbs, notochord
Segmentation, pharyngeal pouches, dorsal hollow nerve cord
Bilateral symmetry, mammary glands
Vertebrae, bipedal locomotion
What is contained in the cranial cavity?
Brain and associated cerebrospinal fluid
Meninges
Spinal cord
Parietal pleura
It would be appropriate to say that the stomach is more proximal than the sigmoid colon.
It would be appropriate to say that the internal carotid artery is more proximal than the inferior hypophyseal veinule.
The dorsal body cavities are lined with serous membranes (serosa).
Which serous membrane surrounds and contacts the heart?
Visceral pericardium
Visceral peritoneum
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pleura
The visceral pleurae would be on the _______ of the _________.
Inner surface, lungs
Outer surface, lungs
Inner surface, heart
Outer surface, abdominopelvic cavity
Outer surface, heart
Select any/all examples of flexion
Moving the hand toward the shoulder at the elbow
Moving the hand away from the shoulder at the elbow
Movement of the heel toward the gluteus maximus
Movement of the knee forward from the hip
The movement of the leg posteriorly from the hip is an example of what?
Circumduction
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Retraction
Select any/all examples of adduction of a joint
Movement of the arm inferiorly and laterally from the shoulder
Movement of the leg laterally and inferiorly from the hip
Movement of the leg superiorly and laterally from the hip
Movement of the heel superiorly from the knee
The movement of the arm in a superior direction, laterally, is an example of what?
Abduction
Elevation
Lateral flexion
Movement of the hand so that the palms are facing upward is an example of what?
Supination
Dorsiflexion
Pronation
In what position does the radius cross the ulna?
Eversion
Pronation of the foot is the same as what?
Inversion
Plantar flexion
Hyperextension
Supination of the foot is the same as what?
Select all incidences of hyperextension
Raising the arm laterally above the shoulder
Movement of the leg directly posterior to the leg from the hip
Movement of the heel toward the gluteus from the knee
Arching of the back from the lumbar vertebrae
The movement of the toes toward the shin is known as
Select the correct example of plantar flexion
Pointing of the toes
Moving the shoulder superiorly and laterally
Moving the jaw anteriorly
Moving the vertebral column to the side
Retraction and protraction are the movement of the antebrachium in an anterior and posterior manner.
Select the correct example(s) of elevation
Movement of the hip superiorly and anteriorly
Movement of the arm superiorly and laterally
Movement of the scapula superiorly
Movement of the jaw superiorly
Movement of the jaw in an anterior horizontal plane
Movement of the jaw or scapula in an inferior direction is known as
Depression
The spinal column can move laterally in what's known as
Touch the interior of your elbow. This region is known as the
Antecubital region
Acromial region
Axillary region
Olecranal region
The peroneal region of the body is also known as the?
Fibular
Tibial
Gluteal
Popliteal
Sural
Select which organs can be found in the LUQ
Kidney, spleen, liver
Spleen, bladder
Stomach, pancreas, kidney
Large intestine, stomach
Gallbladder, liver
Which organs can be found in the RUQ?
Spleen, kidney, liver
Gallbladder, pancreas, stomach
Liver, gallbladder
Stomach, small intestine, liver
Liver, kidney, large intestine
Portions of the small intestine, large intestine, and the reproductive organs can best be palpated in the
RUQ
LLQ
RLQ
LUQ
Left iliac region
Right iliac region
Epigastric region
The greater and lesser omentum are a part of what?
Parietal peritoneum
Mesenteries connect _____ to ______
Visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum, parietal pleura
Parietal pericardium, parietal pleura
Parietal pleura, mediastinum
Mediastinum, visceral pericardium
Synovial membranes are unique in that they:
Are composed of connective tissue
Produce serous fluid
Produce synovial fluid
Line body cavities
Where would tight junctions be found in the greatest concentration?
Capillaries
Simple squamous epithelial cells
Simple columnar epithelial cells
Stratified cuboidal epithelial cells
Adherens form from the binding of _____ and are primarily found in _______ cells
Cytoplasmic membrane, columnar epithelial
Transmembrane proteins, cuboidal epithelial
Cytoskeletal elements, columnar epithelial
Desmosomes, cuboidal epithelial
Elements that fasten cells together like rivets and are found in tissues under mechanical stress are called
Zonula adherens
Desmosomes
Zona occludens
Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Which abdominopelvic region(s) correspond to the RUQ?
Umbilical region
Hypogastric region
Right lumbar region
Right hypochondriac region
Which body membrane contains keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells?
Cutaneous
Dense irregular
Mucous
Synovial
Serous
Mesothelium performs what function?
Covers the endothelium
Provides support for the epithelium
Lines the inner walls of blood and lymphatic vessels
Covers visceral organs and lines body cavities
Covers the dermis
Which of the following apply to epithelium?
High degree of cellularity, polarity
Large extracellular matrix composed of ground substance and fibers
Little extracellular matrix, apical and basal designation
Vascular, with basal lamina
Innervated with rapid rate of regeneration
Basal side of cell rests on basement membrane
The basement membrane is composed of what?
Reticular fibers, protein, and connective tissue cells
The basal lamina, proteins, and the reticular lamina
Basal fibers, reticular fibers, and protein
Glycoproteins, connective tissue, and reticular fibers
Which cell type would be found in the walls of capillaries?
Simple squamous epithelial
Stratified squamous epithelial
Simple cuboidal epithelial
Stratified cuboidal epithelial
Keratinized squamous epithelial
Simple squamous epithelium can also be mesothelium
Simple squamous epithelial cells found in serous membranes would be considered
Endothelium
Mesothelium
Serosa
Hypodermis
The cells lining the heart and associated great vessels would be
Transitional epithelial
The cells lining the surface of the ovary are
Pseudostratified columnar epithelial
Simple cuboidal cells can be found in (select all that apply)
Kidney tubules, capillaries
Ovary surface, kidney tubules
Glandular ducts
Alveoli, glandular ducts, kidney tubules
The lining of the lower GI tract is primarily
Simple cubiodal epithelium
Ciliated stratified cuboidal epithelium
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium can be found
Trachea, fallopian tube, gallbladder
Gallbladder, ovarian tube, trachea
Lower GI tract, ovarian tube
Excretory ducts, bronchi
Gallbladder, ovarian tube
Which tissue is found in the upper respiratory tract?
Simple ciliated squamous epithelial
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelial
Simple columnar ciliated epithelial
Simple cuboidal ciliated epithelial
Stratified cuboidal ciliated epithelial
Where can pseudostratified columnar epithelium be found?
Upper respiratory tract, trachea
Trachea, ovarian tubes
Ducts of large glands, trachea
Upper respiratory tract, sperm carrying ducts
Sperm carrying ducts, ovarian tubes
Stratified squamous epithelium can be found where?
Epidermis, vaginal lining
Lining the mouth, lining of the vas deferens
Epidermis, trachea
Vaginal lining, esophagus
Lining of the mouth, esophagus, bronchi
Stratified cuboidal epithelium can be found where?
Small ducts of exocrine glands, vaginal canal
Large ducts of salivary glands, large ducts of mammary glands
Large ducts of mammary glands, large ducts of apocrine and eccrine glands
Tubules of kidney, large ducts of salivary glands
Upper respiratory tract, large ducts of salivary glands
Stratified columnar epithelium can be found where?
Male urethra, female urethra
Large ducts in exocrine glands, male urethra
Female urethra, upper respiratory tract
Ovarian tubes, Large ducts in exocrine glands
Ovarian tubes, female urethra
Transitional epithelium can be found where?
Lining of ureters, lining of urethra
Lining of uterine tubes, trachea
Upper respiratory tract, lining of urinary bladder
Lining of ureters, lining of bladder
Goblet cells are a type of
Unicellular endocrine gland
Unicellular exocrine gland
Multicellular exocrine gland
Multicellular endocrine gland
Compound tubuloalveolar glands have ______ ducts and are found in _______
Branched; salivary glands
Branched; mammary glands
Unbranched; salivary glands
Unbranched; Sebaceous glands
Branched; sebaceous glands
Compound alveolar glands are __________ and are found in __________
Branched; Gastric glands
Unbranched; duodenal glands
Branched; Sebaceous glands
Unbranched; Salivary glands
Branched; Mammary glands
Compound tubular glands are ____________ and are found in ____________
Branched; duodenal glands
Unbranched; Mammary glands
Branched; Salivary glands
Unbranched; Gastric glands
Simple branched alveolar glands can be found in
Mammary glands
Sebaceous glands
Gastric glands
Intestinal glands
Salivary glands
Simple branched tubular glands can be found in
Duodenal glands
Simple tubular glands can be found in
The submandibular gland is an example of what?
Mixed exocrine gland
Mixed endocrine gland
Compound tubular endocrine gland
Compound alveolar endocrine gland
Merocrine secretion is an example of ___________ and is found in __________
Secretory vesicle discharge; goblet cells
Cell death with secretion; salivary glands
Cytoplasm of cell becoming secretory product; lactiferous glands
In apocrine secretion, secretion occurs via ___________ and occurs in __________
The cytoplasm becoming the secretory product; lactiferous glands
Secretory vessels being discharged; goblet cells
Cell death to release secretory contents; sebaceous glands
Holocrine solution occurs when ______________ and occurs in ____________
The cell dies as secretory products are released; sebaceous glands
The cytoplasm becomes the secretory product; lactiferous glands
Secretory vessels are discharged; goblet cells
Check all that apply as functions of connective tissue
Diffusion
Nutrient transport
Structural framework
Protection
Energy storage
Defense
Locomotion
Cells that can differentiate into several different CT cells are
Mesenchymal cells
Mast cells
Adipocytes
Macrophages
Fibroblasts
CT cells that aid in blood clotting and produce a histamine response are
Which of the following is false about connective tissue
It resists compression
It stores water
It protects organs
It stores nutrients
It is always produced by the primary cell type that inhabits it
Where can CT proper - Loose Alveolar CT be found?
Surrounding small nerves and vessels
Lymphoid organs
Beneath the basement membrane of epithelial cells
Submucosa of digestive tract
Epiglottis
Where can Loose CT proper - Adipose CT be found?
Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
Hypodermis and mesenteries
Around the kidneys, heart, and eyes
In bone marrow
Breasts
Where can Loose CT proper - Reticular CT be found?
Around medium sized vessels
In the spleen and other lymphoid organs
In the hypodermis
In certain muscles
Where can Dense CT proper - Dense regular CT be found?
In aponeuroses
In ligaments
Surrounding organs
In tendons and fascia
Directly beneath the epidermis
Where can Dense CT proper - Dense irregular CT be found?
In fibrous organ capsules and the dermis
In fascia and the dermis
In tendons and ligaments
Submucosa of digestive tracts and the dermis
In tendons and fibrous organ capsules
Where can hyaline cartilage be found?
The pinnae and embryonic skeleton
The embryonic skeleton and joint cavities of bones
The epiglottis and costal cartilage
Costal cartilage and trachea
The cartilage of the nose and larynx
Where can elastic cartilage be found?
In the trachea and nasal cartilage
In the costal cartilage of the ribs
In the pinnae and fibrous joint capsules
The ends of long bones
In the pinnae and epiglottis
Where can fibrocartilage be found?
Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
Ends of long bone, fibrous joint capsules
Intervertebral discs, fascia
Pubic symphysis, meniscus of knee
Which layer is thin skin missing?
Stratum basale
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum corneum
Stratum spinosum
Which layers of the skin contain keratinocytes
Stratum germinativum
Where are melanocytes found?
In what layer of the skin do calluses occur?
In which layer of the skin do the nuclei begin to disintigrate
Stratum Spinosum
The reticular layer of the dermis is composed of what type of tissue?
Dense CT proper - dense regular
Dense CT proper - dense irregular
Loose CT proper - reticular
Loose CT proper - areolar
Where are stretch marks formed?
The hypodermis
Papillary layer of the dermis
Reticular layer of the dermis
Stratum lucidum of the epidermis
Stratum germinativum of the epidermis
The hypodermis is composed primarily of what kind(s) of tissue?
Largely adipose with some areolar
Largely areolar with some adipose
Largely adipose with some reticular
Largely areolar with some elastic
Largely areolar with some dense irregular
All skin glands are exocrine glands
What is true of eccrine glands?
Found everywhere on skin, particular abundant in the axillary and genital regions
Their secretion is via merocrine secretion
Their secretion is via holocrine secretion
They are coiled tubular glands made from simple cuboidal epithelium
They empty into hair follicles
What is true of apocrine sweat glands?
They are particularly numerous on the palms of the hands and forehead
Their ducts empty into hair follicles
Their secretions include fatty substances and proteins
Cerumineous glands are modified apocrine glands
Their secretion method is merocrine
What is true of sebaceous glands?
Their secretion method is apocrine
They are found everywhere except the palms and soles
They are compound alveolar glands
They are primarily responsible for the development of acne
They secrete sweat
Coarse hair is known as ________ hair and is dependent on the _______
Terminal; diameter
Vellous; diameter
Vellous; shape in cross section
Terminal; shape in cross section
Which Merkel cells are found in the papillary layer of the dermis?
Meissner's corpsucles
Free nerve endings
Pacinian corpuscles
Ruffini endings
Which feature corresponds to the outer layer of the stratum corneum?
The free edge of the nail
The lunula or nail matrix
The cuticle of the hair
The cortex of the hair
The nail
In what layer of the epidermis are Langerhans cells found?
Lines of tension are caused by
Orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis
Orientation of collagen fibers in the epidermis
Directionality of underlying muscle fibers
Organization of reticular fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis
What are the functions of the perichondrium?
Resist outward forces during compression of skeletal cartilage
Supply nutrients to skeletal cartilage
Vascularize osteons through Sharpey's fibers
Provide support to trabeculae
Provide support to diploe
What is/are examples of long bone?
Patella
Metatarsals
Femur
Cuboid bone
Scapula
What is/are examples of short bones
Metacarpals
Pisiform
Hyoid
Talus
What is/are examples of flat bones?
Parietal bone
Clavicle
Ribs
Coxal
What is/are examples of irregular bones?
Coxal bone
Atlas
Sacrum
Diploe is present in
Long bone epiphyses
Long bone diaphyses
Short bones
Membrane bones
What type of tissue is the periosteum composed of?
Dense CT proper - regular
Dense CT proper - irregular
Loose CT proper - adipose
Which type of tissue is articlar cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Dense CT proper - elastic
Fibrocartilage
Long bones begin to ossify by ____ weeks post conception
6
3
10
12
8
What are the two forms of bone growth?
Interstitial (length) and appositional (width)
Interstitial (width) and appositional (length)
Lamellar (width) and appositional (length)
Interstitial (length) and lamellar (width)
Which bones rely on intramambranous ossification from fibrous membranes?
Parietal bone and occipital bone
Scapula and frontal bone
Coxal bone and scapula
Clavicle and frontal bone
When do osteoblasts become osteoclasts?
Once they have secreted enough osteoid to become trapped in a lacuna in the matrix.
Once they no longer have contact with the periosteum
They don't; osteoblasts and osteoclasts perform difference functions
They don't; osteoblasts remain osteoblasts
What is the correct order of the steps of intramembranous ossification?
Ossification center appears, osteoblasts form, osteod traps osteocytes, osteocytes form woven bone, periosteum forms
Osteocytes form woven bone, periosteum forms, compact bone collar forms, vascular tissue becomes red marrow
Vascular tissue becomes red marrow, periosteum forms, bone collar forms, osteoid traps osteocytes, osteocytes form woven bone
Periosteum forms, osteocytes form woven bone, compact bone collar forms, ossification center appears
Osteoblasts form, ossification center appears, periosteum forms, compact bone collar forms, vascular tissue becomes red marrow
To which bones does endochondrial ossification apply?
Scapula, vertebrae, femur
Radius, ulna, metacarpals
Coxal bone, ribs, patella
Femur, frontal bone
Frontal bone, scapula, clavicle
What type of tissue is used in endochondrous ossification?
Reticular cartilage
Where does the primary ossification center form in endochondrous ossification?
The epiphyses of long bones
The diaphyses of long bones
What is the correct order of endochondrous ossification?
Perichondrium becomes periosteum, osteoid bone collar forms, dying matrix opens up medullary cavity
Periosteal bud invades medullary cavity, trabeculae form from calcified cartilage, ossification moves along diaphyses, secondary ossification centers appear in epiphyses
Osteoid bone collar forms, perichondrium becomes periosteum, osteoid bone collar forms, periosteal bud invades medullary cavity
Dying matrix opens up medullary cavity, trabeculae form from calcified cartilage, periosteal bud invades medullary cavity, secondary ossification centers appear in epiphyses
Trabeculae form from calcified cartilage, ossification moves along diaphyses, periosteal bud invades medullary cavity, secondary ossification centers appear in epiphyses
Interstitial growth in adolescence occurs ________________ through the action of _____________________
At the epiphyseal plate; creation of cartilage which is then calcified and covered with bone matrix
Along the medullary cavity; erosion of osteoid from early bone formation by osteoclasts
In the Epiphyses; osteid secretion by osteoblasts
Around the circumference of the disaphyses; osteoid secretion and creation of osteons by osteoblasts
What types of tissue are generated from embryonic mesoderm?
Nervous tissue
Inner lining of GI tract
Inner lining of respiratory tract
Muscle and connective tissue
What types of tissue are generated from embryonic endoderm?
Epithelium
Inner lining of digestive system
Inner lining of respiratory system
What types of tissue are generated from embryonic ectoderm?
Inner lining of digestive tract
Bone tissue is involved in energy metabolism
Appositional growth in adolescence occurs as
Osteoblasts at the periosteal border secrete osteoid, and osteoclasts at the endosteal border break osteoid down
Osteocytes in osteons add osteoid to to the concentric lamellae
Osteocytes in osteons add osteoid to the circumferential lamellae
Osteocytes at the periosteal border become encased in lacunae
A comminuted fracture indicates that the bone is
Splintered into several fragments
Bent on one side and broken on the other
Driven inward and broken
Driven into another bone
The metaphysis is considered to be
Part of the diaphysis
Part of the epiphyseal plate
Part of the epiphysis
Part of the medullary cavity
Select the materials that are stored in bone
Calcium, iron
Sodium, fluorine
Strontium, fat
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
Which of the following are associated bones?
Hyoid bone
Malleus, incus, and stapes
Select the structures transmitted through the supraorbital foramen
Supraorbital nerve
Internal carotid artery
Supraorbital vein
Ophthalmic nerve, vertebral arteries
Ophthalmic nerve, supraorbital artery
Select the structures transmitted through the parietal foramen
Mental nerve and vessels
Palatine nerves, nasopalatine nerves
Facial nerve
Emissary vein of superior saggital sinus
Ophthalmic nerve, zygomaticofacial nerve
The common carotid artery is transmitted through the carotid canal
Select the structures transmitted through the internal acoustic meatus
Vestibulocochlear nerves
Facial nerves and internal auditory vessels
Vein from transverse sinus, ophthalmic nerve
Accessory meningeal artery
The stylomastoid foramen transmits the
Hypoglossal nerve
Nasopalatine nerves
Olfactory nerves
Vein from transverse sinus
The mastoid foramen transmits the
Meningeal artery
Vein from sigmoid sinus
Optic nerve
The jugular foramen transmits the
Olfactory nerves and internal jugular vein
Internal jugular vein, glossopharyngeal nerves
Vagus and accessory nerves
Ophthalmic artery
Alongside the spinal cord and vertebral arteries, the foramen magnum also transmits the
Accessory nerve
Palatine nerves
The hypoglossal nerves are transmitted by the
Hypoglossal canal
Stylomastoid foramen
Mental foramen
Foramen magnum
The condylar canal transmits the
Internal jugular vein
Internal auditory vessels
Foramen ovale transmits
MAndibular trigeminal nerve, accessory meningeal artery
Accessory meningeal artery, maxillary trigeminal nerve
Spinosal nerve, middle meningeal artery
Mandibular trigeminal nerve, optic nerve
The maxillary trigeminal nerve is transmitted by
Foramen rotundum
Foramen spinosum
Foramen ovale
Infraorbital foramen
Foramen spinosum transmits the
Maxillary trigeminal nerve, accessory meningeal artery
Mandibular trigeminal nerve, spinosal nerve
The optic nerve and ophthalmic artery are transmitted by
Optic foramen
Superior orbital fissure
The superior orbital fissue transmits the
Oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves
Ophthalmic veins, ophthalmic trigeminal nerve
Ophthalmic trigeminal nerve, maxillary trigeminal nerve
Oculomotor and abducens serves, zygomaticofacial nerves
Ophthalmic veins, supraorbital nerve
The olfactory nerves are transmitted by the
Olfactory foramina
Foramen lacerum
The infraorbital nerve and its associated vessels are transmitted by
The infraorbital foramen
Parietal foramen
The nasopalatine nerves are transmitted by the
Incisive foramen
Mandibular foramen
Greater palatine foramen
The inferior orbital fissure carries the
Maxillary trigeminal nerve
Zygomatic nerve, infraorbital nerve
Infraorbital vessels
Zygomaticofacial nerve
Zygomaticotemporal nerve
The palatine nerves are transmitted by the
Lacrimal foramen
The zygomaticfacial foramen transmits the zygomaticofacial nerve
The zygomaticotemporal foramen transmits the zygomaticotemporal nerve
The mental foramen transmits both the mental nerve and its associated vessels
The mandibular foramen transmits
Inferior alveolar nerves, mental nerve
Vessels to the lower teeth
Inferior alveolar nerves
Mandibular trigeminal nerve
Synarthrotic joints are ________________ and an example is ____________
Immovable; the cranial bones of the skull
Slightly movable; the pubic symphysis
Fully articulate; the shoulder
Amphiarthrotic joints are ___________ and could include the _______________
Immovable; facial bones
Slightly moveable; joint between L5 and the sacrum
Freely movable; knee
Diarthroses are considered to be ____________. Another name for them is ___________.
Freely movable; synovial joints
Immovable; sutures
Slightly movable; symphyses
Fibrous joints are (select all)
Synarthrotic
Amphiarthrotic
Diarthrotic
Connected via dense regular CT
Connected via dense irregular CT
Between two bones
Between muscle and bone
Sutures are considered
Fibrous
Cartilagenous
Synostoses form from ossified fibrous tissue in the skull
Syndesmoses are
Held together by interosseus ligaments
Held together by interosseus tendons
Examples of syndesmoses would be
The joint between the ulna and humerus
The joint between the parietal and occipital lobe
The joint between the distal radius and ulna
The joint between the distal tibia and fibula
The articulation between vertebrae
The joint between the distal radius and ulna is synarthrotic
The joint between the distal tibia and fibula is synarthrotic
A peg-in-socket joint is known as a __________; and is a type of _____________ joint
Gomphosis; fibrous
Syndesmosis; fibrous
Gomphosis; cartilagenous
Synarthoroses; fibrous
Cartilagenous joints can be
Symphyses
Synchondroses
Costochondral joints are an example of
Cartilagenous synchondrous synarthroses
Fibrous synovial epiphyseal
Cartilagenous amphiarthrotic symphyses
Fibrous syndesmoses
Synovial joints are
Cartilaginous
Vertebral
Synovial joints have
A synovial cavity, fibrocartilage
Periodontal ligaments
A synovial cavity, hyaline cartilage, synovial fluid
Articular capsules
Reinforcing ligaments and menisci
The articular capsule is...
Found in synovial joints
Composed of a single layered fibrous capsule
Composed of an external fibrous capsule
Composed of an internal synovial membrane
The inner layer of the articular capsule
Is the Fibrous capsule
IS the Synovial membrane
Composed of loose CT
Composed of dense regular CT
Covers the entire inner surface
Intrinsic ligaments are
Part of the articular capsule
Found outside of the articular capsule
Found inside of the synovial cavity
Epiphyseal joints are and example of
Fibrous synarthroses
Cartilaginous symphyses
Cartilagenous synchrondroses
Fibrous amphiarthroses
