How does progressive nephron injury affect angiotensin II activity?
Angiotensin II activity is decreased.
Angiotensin II activity is elevated.
Angiotensin II activity is totally suppressed.
Angiotensin II activity is not affected.
A patient has been diagnosed with a renal stone. Based on knowledge of common stone types, what self-care measure does the healthcare professional plan to teach the patient when stone analysis has returned?
Increase water intake
Decrease soda intake
Restrict animal protein in the diet.
Ingest 1000 mg of calcium a day
The student asks the professor to explain the role of pyrophosphate, potassium citrate, and magnesium in the formation of kidney stones. What response by the professor is best?
They inhibit crystal growth
They stimulate the supersaturation of salt.
They facilitate the precipitation of salts.
They enhance crystallization of salt crystals
Hypercalciuria is primarily attributable to which alteration?
Defective renal calcium reabsorption
Intestinal hyperabsorption of dietary calcium
Bone demineralization caused by prolonged immobilization
Hyperparathyroidism
Detrusor hyperreflexia develops from neurologic disorders that originate where?
Spinal cord between C2 and C4
Spinal cord between S2 and S4
Above the pontine micturition center
Below the cauda equina
A patient has overactive bladder syndrome. Which classification of drug does the healthcare professional plan to teach the patient about?
β-Adrenergic blocking medications
α-Adrenergic blocking medications
Parasympathomimetic medications
Anticholinesterase medications
Bladder cancer is associated with the gene mutation of which gene?
c-erbB2
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)
TP53
myc
A female patient has been diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection. What self-care measure does the healthcare provider teach the patient that is specific to this type of infection?
Drink at least eight glasses of water a day.
Take medication if you have a fever
Rest as much as you can in the next few days.
After using the bathroom, wipe from front to back.
A healthcare professional is assessing a patient who could have either pyelonephritis or cystitis. Which differentiating sign would assist the professional in making this diagnosis?
Difficulty starting the stream of urine
Spasmodic pain that radiates to the groin
Increased glomerular filtration rate
Urinalysis confirmation of white blood cell casts
An 85-year-old person has a urinary tract infection. What clinical manifestation does the healthcare professional expect to see in this person?
Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
Dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain
Hematuria and flank pain
Pyuria, urgency, and frequency
Pyelonephritis is usually caused by which type of organism?
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Parasites
Which abnormal laboratory value is found in glomerular disorders?
Elevated creatinine concentration
Low blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Elevated immunoglobulin A (IgA)
Low serum complement
Which glomerular lesion is characterized by thickening of the glomerular capillary wall with immune deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and C3?
Proliferative
Membranous
Mesangial
Crescentic
Goodpasture syndrome is an example of which of these?
Antiglomerular basement membrane disease
Acute glomerulonephritis
Chronic glomerulonephritis
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy
A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood cell casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/day, with albumin as the major protein. What diagnostic test or treatment regime does the healthcare professional educate the patient on?
Intravenous pyelogram
Oral antibiotics
Renal biopsy
Cyclophosphamide
Hypothyroidism, edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipiduria characterize which kidney disorder?
Nephrotic syndrome
Pyelonephritis
A patient who has a history of mildly decreased renal function is admitted to the hospital for IV antibiotics. Which antibiotics would the healthcare professional avoid in this patient?
Penicillin and ampicillin
Vancomycin and bacitracin
Gentamicin and tobramycin
Cefazolin and cefepime
Which urine characteristics are indicative of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) caused by intrinsic (intrarenal) failure?
Urine sodium >30 mEq/L
Urine osmolality >500 mOsm
Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) <1%
Urine sediment has no cells, some hyaline casts
How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure?
Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium, resulting in more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration.
When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried into the cell.
Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the cell in exchange for hydrogen.
Creatinine is primarily excreted by glomerular filtration after being constantly released from what type of tissue?
Nervous system
Kidneys
Muscle
Liver
A professor has taught a student about skeletal alterations seen in chronic kidney disease. Which statement by the student indicates the professor needs to give more information?
Parathyroid hormone is no longer effective in maintaining serum phosphate levels.
The parathyroid gland is no longer able to secrete sufficient parathyroid hormone
The synthesis of 1,25-vitamin D3, which reduces intestinal absorption of calcium, is impaired.
The effectiveness of calcium and phosphate resorption from bone is impaired.
A patient who has chronic kidney disease has hemoglobin of 7.2 mg/dL. What treatment does the healthcare professional prepare the patient for?
Intrinsic factor
Vitamin B12
Vitamin D
Erythropoietin
When the right kidney is obstructed, how will the glomeruli and tubules in the left kidney compensate?
Increase in number
Increase in size
Develop collateral circulation
Increase speed of production
What medical term is used to identify a functional urinary tract obstruction caused by an interruption of the nerve supply to the bladder?
Neurogenic bladder
Obstructed bladder
Necrotic bladder
Retrograde bladder
