Bran J
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Psychology Test sobre Intro to Psychology Review, creado por Bran J el 11/12/2019.

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Intro to Psychology Review

Intro to Psychology Review

Pregunta 1 de 46

1

The "Scientific Method" consists of observing, hypothesizing, predicting, testing, modifying the hypothesis, and then re-testing that hypothesis.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 46

1

Which of the following best defines "Parismony"?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Make your hypothesis as simple as possible, only making a more complex explanation when a simple one cannot account for the data.

  • Make your hypothesis initially complex and then break it down as the data begins to fill in the gaps.

  • Explore the data before your hypothesis and let what you find form your question.

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 46

2

"Falsifiability" is when you ensure you can test your hypothesis and you design the data so that it can:

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Support your hypothesis.

  • Contradict your hypothesis.

  • Prove your hypothesis.

  • Disprove your hypothesis.

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 46

1

What is the definition of "Converging evidence"?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Because no single study can 'prove' something, look for evidence from multiple studies with different methods.

  • When your evidence comes together to prove your hypothesis.

  • When the evidence from another academic inadvertently proves your hypothesis correct.

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 46

1

Psychology = study of humans and human interactions.
Biology = study of cells and cellular interactions.
Chemistry = study of molecules and molecular interactions.
Physics = study of particles, atoms and atomic interactions.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 46

1

In Descartes' view the physical body and the mental mind belong in separate realms. The mental mind is able to...

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Influence the physical body through the brain.

  • Influence the brain through the mental mind.

  • Influence the physical body through the mental mind.

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 46

1

Phineas Gage was an American railroad construction foreman who survived an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe. The following twelve years his friends witnessed his personality shift in radical ways. What did this prove to people of the time about the mind and the brain?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • That the 'mind' is in the 'brain' and when the 'brain' is damaged then so is the 'mind'.

  • That the 'mind' and the 'brain' are two separate spheres.

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 46

4

Which of the following are the "historical schools of psychology?"

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Structuralism – “What is conscious experience?”

  • Functionalism – “Why is conscious experience?”

  • Behaviourism – “Forget about conscious experience – behaviour is most important!”

  • Freudian psychoanalysis – “Forget about conscious experience – the unconscious is most important!”

  • Gestalt Psychology – "Think about conscious experience as a whole!"

  • Cognitive – "Can we remember conscious experience?"

  • Humanistic – "Do we independently have a conscious experience?"

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 46

1

What is "Correlational research"?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • When you assess the degree of relationship between two variables.

  • When you assess the correlation between two or more studies.

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 46

1

When it comes to "Correlation and causation" if all we have is correlation between two variables ("attending class leads to good grades"), what can we say for sure?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • That one variables (i.e. attending class) DOES NOT necessarily cause the other (i.e. good grades).

  • That one variable (i.e. attending class) DOES cause the second variable (i.e. good grades).

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 46

1

When it comes to "Correlation and causation", the "third variable problem" is that a correlation between two variables (e.g. "attending class" and "good grades") may be caused by a third variable (e.g. "students who are highly conscientious or hard-working might always attend every class and also study a lot for exams").

Therefore, conscientiousness independently causes attendance at class AND good grades, without attendance at class necessarily having any direct causal effect on grades.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 46

1

The "independent variable" is ...

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The aspect of the situation that we manipulate.

  • The aspect of the situation that we observe and measure.

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 46

1

The "dependent variable" is...

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The aspect of the situation that we observe and measure.

  • The aspect of the situation that we manipulate.

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 46

1

Which of the following must the "independent variable" have in order to be able to vary it?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Two or more levels in order to create two or more conditions.

  • A change in the dependent variable.

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 46

1

Manipulating the level of the independent variable should cause the dependent variable to remain relatively the same.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 46

1

"Excitation" is when neurotransmitters open channels in the cell wall of a neuron that allow positively-charged Sodium ions (Na+) to enter the cell. Makes the neuron more likely to send on its own signal (action potential).

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 46

1

"Inhibition" is when neurotransmitters open channels in the cell wall of a neuron that allow negatively-charged Chloride ions (Cl-) to enter the cell and positively-charged Potassium ions (K+) to leave the cell. Makes the neuron less likely to send on its own signal (action potential).

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 46

1

"Nicotine" is which of the following?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Agonist.

  • Antagonist.

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 46

1

"Caffeine" is which of the following?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Antagonist.

  • Agonist.

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 46

1

Agonists are chemicals that work in the same way as one of the brain’s natural neurotransmitters (e.g. Nicotine works like Acetylcholine). Antagonists are chemicals that block or oppose the action of one of the brain’s natural neurotransmitters (e.g. Caffeine blocks the actions of Adenosine).

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 46

4

Which of the following four are the lobes of the brain?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Frontal lobe – Planning, decision-making, strategic thinking, inhibition. Also contains the motor cortex, which controls initiation of voluntary muscle movements.

  • Parietal lobe – Sensory cortex.

  • Temporal lobe – Auditory processing. Highly active during language tasks.

  • Occipital lobe – The site of most visual processing.

  • Rear lobe – Where the 'mind' in the 'brain' exists.

  • Permamental lobe – Visual processing and controls how we perceive shades of light.

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 46

1

If 'sensations' are "the raw input you receive, in terms of colours, and edges" then which of the following most accurately describes "Sensation'?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The stimulation of your senses caused by input from the outside world.

  • The meaning that you assign to that stimulation.

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 46

1

If 'perceptions' are "created both bottom-up and top-down" then which of the following most accurately describes "Perception'?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The meaning that you assign to that stimulation.

  • The stimulation of your senses caused by input from the outside world.

Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 46

1

Which of the following is "Bottom-up processing"?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Taking the sensory input and building up a recognizable image from the combination of lines, corners and colours.

  • Taking our knowledge, beliefs and expectations about the visual scene and using them to help construct a meaningful representation of what we are looking at.

Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 46

1

Which of the following is "Top-down processing"?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Taking our knowledge, beliefs and expectations about the visual scene and using them to help construct a meaningful representation of what we are looking at.

  • Taking the sensory input and building up a recognizable image from the combination of lines, corners and colours.

Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 46

1

The 6 million "cones" are located mostly in the centre of your retina, and process colour and fine detail.

The 120 million "rods" are located more around the edges of your retina, and because they are more sensitive to light, they are responsible for your ability to see at night (or in other low-light conditions).

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 46

3

In terms of "the sleep cycle" which of the following occurs?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Sleep cycles through the various stages four or five times a night

  • As night progresses more time is spent in REM sleep.

  • Less time is spent in the deeper stages of sleep.

  • Body temperature fluctuates throughout REM sleep.

  • Sleep paralysis ends during REM sleep but starts doing other stages of sleep.

  • The body stiffens into a more natural position.

Explicación

Pregunta 28 de 46

1

Instrumental conditioning consists of learning that one event signals that certain behaviours will now result in the production of a second event (a reward or punishment). In this case, your behaviour is critical to the production of the second event (the reward or punishment).

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 29 de 46

1

In CC, you learn that certain events result in certain outcomes. In IC, you learn that your behaviour results in certain outcomes.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 30 de 46

1

Behaviours are more likely to be repeated in future if they are reinforced, but a lot depends on when and how often those reinforcements are delivered.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 31 de 46

4

Partial reinforcement schedules come in four varieties:

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Ratio schedules reward you after a certain number of actions.

  • Interval schedules reward you after a certain period of time.

  • Fixed schedules reward you steadily.

  • Variable schedules reward you intermittently.

  • Repeated schedules reward you multiple times simultaneously.

  • Closed schedules do not reward you at all.

Explicación

Pregunta 32 de 46

1

What is "Retroactive interference"?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • When new information takes over the cues that we use to recover old information.

  • When old memory cues take over new information and prevents us from remembering new content.

  • When two or more new memories interfere with each other and prevent the new memory from being memorized.

Explicación

Pregunta 33 de 46

1

In terms of memory cues, when old information 'wins' (old interferes with new information) this is called...

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Proactive interference.

  • Retroactive interference.

  • Deactive interference.

Explicación

Pregunta 34 de 46

1

What is a "Memory schema"?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Organized scripts in memory, detailing expectations about beliefs, people, places and activities.

  • Schemes we create to help us remember things like people and places.

  • Physical scripts (e.g. souvenirs) we keep of details we would like to remember in the future.

Explicación

Pregunta 35 de 46

1

In a study by Brewer and Treyens (1981) participants were left alone in the experimenter's office. Thirty-five seconds later participants were moved to another room and tested how much of the office they recall. What happened?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Participants were more likely to remember / mis-remember items that fit into a typical "office schema" (e.g. 'computer', 'desk', 'notebook', 'shelf', etc.).

  • Participants were unable to remember anything about the office due to the lack of time given.

  • Participants were able to remember three-to-five specific items that had caught their attention.

Explicación

Pregunta 36 de 46

1

When testing "eye-witness testimony" Loftus and Palmer (1974) showed undergraduates a video of two cars having an accident, then asked "about how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?". The answer they got was "42mph". When they asked "about how fast were the cars going when they contacted each other" were they able to recall the same information?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • No, because the type of question you ask determines which schema gets activated.

  • Yes, because the questions are essentially the same, the students could rely on the same schema to recall information.

Explicación

Pregunta 37 de 46

1

While forgetting can be normal and even adaptive, it can also be caused by damage to the brain from injury or illness (organic amnesia).

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 38 de 46

1

What is "retrograde amnesia"?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The loss of memories from before the accident or illness.

  • The failure to retain new memories from after the accident or injury.

Explicación

Pregunta 39 de 46

1

What is "Anterograde amnesia"?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The failure to retain new memories from after the accident or injury.

  • The loss of memories from before the accident or illness.

Explicación

Pregunta 40 de 46

4

What kind of 'abilities' did "E.P.", an ill individual who was being studied and helped by psychologists, possess in terms of memory?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Problem-solving skills.

  • Short-term memory.

  • Long-term memory prior to illness.

  • Implicit long-term memory for information encountered after illness.

  • Explicit long-term memory for information encountered after illness.

  • Long-term memory after illness.

Explicación

Pregunta 41 de 46

1

Which of the following is true of "anterograde amnesia"?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Do not make explicit memories.

  • Implicit memory may still be intact.

  • Make explicit memories.

  • Do not make implicit memories.

Explicación

Pregunta 42 de 46

1

While much of the brain is likely involved in making memories, the "Hippocampus" likely plays a large role in forming and storing new memories. It is however extremely easy to damage the hippocampus, the implicit memories being lost forever with the damage.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 43 de 46

1

What is the weak version of the "linguistic relativity hypothesis"?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The language that you speak influences how you think.

  • The language that you speak determines how you think.

Explicación

Pregunta 44 de 46

1

What is the strong version of the "linguistic relativity hypothesis"?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The language that you speak determines how you think.

  • The language that you speak influences how you think.

Explicación

Pregunta 45 de 46

3

Which of the following are arguments belonging to the "weak linguistic relativity hypothesis"?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The language you speak can influence your early competence in math (English vs. Chinese).

  • The language you speak can influence the capacity of short-term memory (English vs. Arabic).

  • The words that are used to describe something can influence your memory of it.

  • The language you speak changes who you are as a person.

  • The words that are used to describe yourself (i.e. adjectives) influence your personality.

Explicación

Pregunta 46 de 46

1

The "weak linguistic relativity hypothesis" believes that in a totalitarian regime language is changed to make talking about revolution impossible. The idea is, if the population cannot talk about revolution then they cannot think about revolution.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

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