is under such intense pressure that it's made of Iron

is divided into two parts- lithosphere and asthenosphere

generates Earth's magnetic field

is the thinnest layer

The composition of the jovian planets is mainly gas and ice

The sun accounts for almost 50% of the solar system's mass

The only two planets with moons are Earth and Jupiter

Our sun is the only star we know that has planets associated with it

occurred more than 13 billion years ago

began with all matter and energy concentrated in an infinitesimally small point

theory states that at the instant of explosion, everything had so much thermal energy even the smallest atomic pieces couldn't exist

is the explanation for how our solar system was developed

crust and mantle

inner and outer core

mantle and outer core

continental crust and oceanic crust

The mantle

The lithosphere

The inner core

The crust

Refers to the rate of change in temperature with depth in the Earth

Increases as you go into the Earth

Averages about 5 degrees celcius per km in the upper crust

States that temperatures near the mantle-core boundary may exceed the temperature of the sun

as the universe cooled, atoms and molecules accumulated in patchy clouds of gas called nebulae

nebulae condensed and heated to become spinning accretion disks

as density increases due to more gas being crammed into a small space, temperature cools

gravity caused the inward collapse of dense gas to form protostars

Air pressure increases linearly with altitude

At the top of mount Everest, air pressure is less than .4 bar

Air pressure increases above .6 bar at an altitude less than 7 km

At the altitude that commercial jets fly, air pressure is higher than 1 bar

The crust is the top of the mantle that has cooled and hardened

The crust and the upper part of the mantle make up the lithosphere

The thickness of crust can vary from -1 km up to 70 km thick

There are two different types of crust- oceanic and continental

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Oxygen (O2)

Water (H2O) and Oxygen (O2)

Oxygen (O2) and Methane (CH4)

Nitrogen (N2) and Oxygen (O2)

was caused by heat created by transformation of kinetic energy from collisions into thermal energy

was inhibited by the presence of radioactive elements because their decay absorbs heat from their surroundings

began with heating up component materials within their bodies

is the process by which these bodies develop internal layering

Silicon, iron, potassium, sodium

Magnesium, iron, carbon dioxide, argon

Nitrogen, oxygen, helium, carbon dioxide

Iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium

Coalesced from gas and dust in its current place next to Earth

Was a separate small planet before it was captured by Earth's gravity

was formed by the collision of Earth with mars-sized protoplanet

spun off the fast-spinning Earth during early formation of the solar system

Igneous rocks form when preexisting rocks undergo changes in heat and pressure

Hot molten rock that cools and hardens produces metamorphic rocks

Sedimentary rocks form when preexisting rock grains are cemented together

Magma is the term for very hot rock that is molten;when it cools and hardens it's called lava

Granite, peridotite, basalt

Granite, basalt, peridotite

Peridotite, basalt, granite

Basalt, peridotite, granite

The Earth has both magnetic and geographic poles

Earth's magnetic field is dipole

The sun's stellar wind distorts magnetic field into teardrop shape

Region inside the Earth's magnetic shield is the biosphere