Critical thinking is ________.
A. applying a set of skills to find information about a controversial topic
B. applying a set of skills to understand and evaluate information
C. applying information to understand and evaluate social phenomena
D. reviewing information on the Internet to develop a critical opinion on it
2. Which of the following defines hypothesis?
A. idea that proves a theory
B. means of explaining social phenomena
C. tentative explanation
D. way of looking at the world
Psychology refers to the ________.
A. empirical study of humanity
B. experimental study of individuals
C. scientific study of the mind
D. systematic study of human interaction
Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study ________.
A. only behavior
B. only the mind
C. the mind and behavior
D. the soul, the mind, and behavior
When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline?
A. 1600s
B. 1700s
C. 1800s
D. 1900s
What is a PsyD?
A. Doctor of Philosophy
B. Doctor of Psychiatry
C. Doctor of Psychoanalysis
D. Doctor of Psychology
Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?
A. Wolfgang Köhler
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Wilhelm Wundt
D. William James
Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.
A. another person’s consciousness
B. her own conscious experience
C. her own subconscious experience
D. the social construction of consciousness
William James was the ________.
A. author of the first psychology textbook
B. father of psychology
C. first American psychologist
D. first psychoanalyst
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences.
A. a person’s consciousness
B. a person’s unconscious
C. fetal development
D. sexual identity
According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.
A. interpret dreams
B. manipulate human behavior
C. study the function of behavior
D. study the structure and characteristics of the mind
Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist?
A. John Watson
15. Behaviorists study ________.
A. a person’s unconscious mind
B. chemical and hormonal changes
C. dreams
D. learned behavior
________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
A. behaviorism
B. gestalt
C. humanism
D. structuralism
What is Abraham Maslow best known for?
A. classical conditioning
B. dream analysis
C. proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior
D. studying the influence of reinforcement and punishment on behavior
Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States?
A. Carl Rogers
B. Francis Cecil Sumner
C. Naomi Weisstein
D. Noam Chomsky
Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution?
A. After numerous hypotheses were developed by Charles Darwin, they were collected together into a theory.
B. Contemporary scientists do not accept it as a viable way of looking at the world.
C. Evolution only works theoretically.
D. It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world.
Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?
A. data collection
B. experiment
C. hypothesis
D. observation
Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.
B. client-centered therapy
C. introspection
D. psychoanalysis
Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.
A. explaining the subconscious
B. the operation of individual parts of the mind
C. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts
D. understanding the id, ego, and superego
In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the ________ include food, water, and shelter.
A. basic survival needs
B. comfort objects
C. higher-level needs
D. wants
Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called?
A. dissertation
B. PhD
C. postdoctoral
D. PsyD
The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.
A. emotions and cultural norms that underlie emotional responses
B. genetics and the evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior
C. stimulus-response and the instincts that underlie human reaction to pain
D. the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________.
A. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior
B. sensation and the effect of culture on perception
C. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior
D. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions
Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?
A. biopsychology
B. developmental psychology
C. personality psychology
D. sensation and perception
Which theorist published research related to the psychology of personality?
A. Charles Darwin
B. Jean Piaget
C. Noam Chomsky
D. Sigmund Freud
When studying personality traits, someone who is quiet, reserved, and withdrawn will score low on the ________ trait.
A. agreeableness
B. extroversion
C. neuroticism
D. openness
When studying personality traits, someone who is calm, even-tempered, and secure will score low on the ________ trait.
B. conscientiousness
Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy?
A. Abraham Maslow
B. Carl Rogers
Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?
A. clinical psychology
B. cognitive psychology
C. organizational psychology
D. social psychology
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.
A. humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism
B. humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism
C. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism
D. structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism
Which of the following is not involved in critical thinking?
A. knowing your opinion is correct
B. maintaining an attitude of skepticism
C. making use of logical thinking
D. recognizing internal biases
Why is psychology considered a social science?
A. Because psychologists study groups and how groups interact.
B. Because psychology is not considered a hard science.
C. Behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others.
D. Behavior is unpredictable, so scientists study it.
According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________.
A. dream analysis
B. examination of the first words that come to someone’s mind
C. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue
D. the use of reinforcement and punishment
Behaviorists all focus on ________.
A. individual attitudes
B. physiological responses that result in action
C. the internal motivation for action
D. the subconscious
In developmental psychology, there is an increasing interest in researching cognitive changes that occur later in life. Why?
A. The elderly are contracting more cognitive diseases.
B. People in developed nations revere the elderly.
C. Populations of developed nations are living longer.
D. Populations of developing nations are dying sooner.
According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?
A. applying biological principles to the psychology of a healthy social life
B. interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors
C. primarily biology; individual psychology and social factors are sometimes relevant
D. successful application of biopsychological principles to social life
79. Which of the following is a feminist criticism of the science of psychology?
A. Male bias exists in science.
B. Male psychologists assume that their results do not apply to women.
C. Male psychologists do not pay enough attention to relationships.
D. Male psychologists emphasize objective data over subjective data.
