Prosencephalon
Diencephalon
Thalamus
How do we know the thalamus and cerebral cortex are connected?
Specific thalamic nuclei
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Nonspecific thalamic nuclei
Association nuclei
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Telencephalon
Olfactory system
Hippocampus
Basal ganglia
Nucleus basalis
Ventricles
Location of ventricles
choroid plexus
meninges
hydrocephalus
Hindbrain
Midbrain
Forebrain
Organization of the cerebral cortex
Brodmann
Lamina V
Occipital lobe
Lamina IV
Parietal lobe
Postcentral gyrus
Temporal lobe
Structure of the cerebral cortex
Function of areas of the cerebral cortex
Functional cortex + Lobes
Frontal lobe
Proliferation
Germinal zones
Migration
Iterated processing unit
immunoglobins & chemokines
Differentiation
Sperry
neural darwinism
Neurotrophin
nerve growth factor (NGF)
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Ferret experiment
Ferret experiment procedure
Enriched vs impoverished environments
What is true of the number of synapses?
Brain adaptations in people blind since infancy
focal hand dystonia
Steps in neural development
closed head injury
stroke (cerebrovascular incident)
tissue plasminogen
activator (tPA)
penumbra
Diaschisis
Regrowth of axons
Why is axon regeneration limited in mammals?
Collateral sprouting
Two types of collateral sprouting in the hippocampus
Denervation supersensitivity
Disuse supersensitivity
Causes for supersensitivity
How do phantom limbs develop?
deafferented
Thomas LeVere / rats
law of specific nerve energies
Structure of the eye
Route within the retina
amacrine cells
optic nerve
lens
pupil
iris
vitreous humor
retina
fovea
midget ganglion cells
Retina
Morphology of rods & cones
Rhodopsin
Rods
Cones
Photopigments
Ratio of rods to cones
Human foveal vision vs peripheral vision
Route inside the retina
receptive field
Diagram of lateral inhibition
Things to remember about lateral inhibition
lateral inhibition
Multiple cells stimulated (lateral inhibition diagram)
center-surround field
Young-Helmholtz theory
Rods + three cones wavelength graph
Distribution of cones
Cone sensitivity
opponent process theory
color constancy
retinex theory
color blindness/color vision deficiency
parvocellular (X) neurons
magnocellular (Y) neurons
koniocellular (w) neurons
Receptive field (of a receptor vs a cell)
Visual fields & hemiretinas
Visual information crossing
optic chiasm
Visual pathway information
What happens if you cut the optic nerve?
What happens if you crush the optic chiasm?
What happens if you cut the optic tract?
What does the retina innervate?
Pathway of visual information from the thalamus
ventral stream
dorsal stream
Lateral geniculate nucleus
How the lateral geniculate is organized
Hubel & Wiesel's experiment
Simple cell
Complex cells
Hypercomplex cells
inferior temporal cortex
visual agnosia
prosopagnosia
color perception
Area MT (middle temporal cortex) and MST (medial superior temporal cortex)
sensitive period
strabismus (strabismic amblyopia)
Cataracts effect on early infancy
amplitude
frequency
timbre
pinna
auditory canal/external auditory meatus
tympanic membrane (ear drum)
middle ear
eustachian tube
cochlea
Structure of ear
Structure of cochlea
organ of corti
How does sound get transformed into electrical impulses?
Place theory
Frequency theory
Volley theory
Current theory of sound
amusia
cochlear nucleus
primary auditory cortex (A1)
Auditory system "what" pathway
Auditory system "where" pathway
Damage to the superior temporal cortex
conductive deafness
nerve deafness
Sound localization
Difference in intensity
Time of arrival
Phase difference between ears
How do humans localize frequencies?
Comparison of visual vs auditory pathway
vestibular system
Somatosensory system
Pacinian corpuscle
Different somatosensory receptors
Somatosensory system receptors
Somatosensory pathway
Neurotransmitters released by pain axons
Pain pathway vs touch pathway
Cingulate cortex
opioid mechanisms
gate theory
What do morphines inhibit?
cannabinoids
capsaicin
Itch
labelled-line code
across-fiber code
taste buds
Mechanisms of taste receptors
Olfaction
olfactory cells
Linda Buck
Deleting a gene that controls which channel potassium passes through creates ?
vomeronasal organ (VNO)
apocrine glands
Synesthesia