Cerrar
What does the Cell Theory state
What types of microscopes have been developed to help scientists study cells
Magnification is
Resolution
How do light microscopes work
Light microscope advantages
Light microscope disadvantages
Staining
Sectioning
Equations for magnifiction
Electron microscopes key points
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Scanning electron microscope
Resolution of light and electron microscopes
Advantages of electron microscopes
Disadvantages of electron microscopes
How is a thin section of liver tissue prepared
What are colored electron micrographs
2
What are the seven characteristics of all living things
What type of microscope can be used to identify organelles in cells
What does the term 'Ultra structure' refer to
What does the term 'Division of labour' refer to
What is the Cytoskeleton
What is the role of the Cytoskeleton
Types of protein fibres
What protein are Microtubules made of
What are the functions of microtubles
What are Cilia and Flagella
What is the difference between Flagella and Cilia
How frequent are they on Cells
Which is found on Bacteria
What are vesicles and their role
How do Vacuoles maintain cell stability in plants
Where are plant cell walls found and what are they made of
Structure of Nucleus
Function of Nucleus
Structure of Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER)
Types of ER and Functions
Structure of Golgi Apparatus
Function of Golgi Apparatus
Structure of Mitochondria
Function of Mitochondria
Structure of Chloroplast
Function of Chloroplasts
Structure of Lysosomes
Structure of Ribosomes
Function of Ribosomes
Structure of Centrioles
Function of Centrioles
How do organelles work together in Protein synthesis
Features of Eukaryotes
Features of Prokaryotes
Examples of useful Prokaryotes ( Bacteria )
Why are some bacterial cells well known
What can some bacterial strains become resistant to
3
What are the major roles of membranes
The phosphate head is
The fatty acid tails of a phospholipid are
Why are the tails hydrophobic and heads hydrophilic
Why can't oil and water mix
What happens when phospholipids are mixed with water
When can a bilayer form
What does bilayer look like
Phospholipids aren't bonded together, how is the bilayer kept stable
All biological membranes have
Why is the hydrophobic layer necessary
What type of microscope can be used to see membranes
Examples of differentiation in cell membranes
Why are all membranes permeable to water
Why are membranes with aquaporins more permeable
What are partially permeable membranes
What does the term Fluid mosaic refer to
Features of Fluid mosaic model
Phospholipid molecule + Carbohydrate part
Protein molecule + Carbohydrate part
Role of cholestrol in membranes
Role of channel proteins
Role of carrier proteins
Receptor sites...
How are glycoproteins and glycolipids involved in cell signalling
Advantage of enzymes/coenzymes on membranes
Temperature effect on membrane =
Disadvantage of increased membrane movement, as a result of increasing temperature
How could an animal living in hot conditions become adapted to maintain membrane stability
What are receptors
Communication in multicellular organism cells are often mediated by...
What are hormones
What is a target cell
Why do hormone molecules and receptors on target csm bind
Binding results in a ...
Outline Insulin receptors and their function
How are medicinal drugs able to interfere with receptors and why
How can viruses enter cells
4
Why do cells need a supply of O2 and other nutrient molecules
What is the name given to reactions in living cells
What does metabolism generate
What are the passive transport processes
What are the active transport processes
What is diffusion
What type of energy is used in diffusion for movement
What is equilibrium
Factors that affect rate of diffusion
Why can steroid hormones able to diffuse through cell membranes
Why can h20, co2 and o2 molecules pass through the bilayer
Type of diffusion in which large or charged molecules can pass through bilayer
Channel proteins
Carrier proteins
How do membranes have some control over types of substances that pass in or out
Active transport
How is one-way flow ensured
Types of bulk transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Example of bulk transport
Endo -
Phago -
Exo -
Pino -
Solute + Solvent
Water potential
How does water always move
Osmosis is..
When does the net movement of molecules occur
Why is the WP lower in cells that in pure water
What happens when cells are placed in solutions with high WP
What happens when cells are placed in solutions with low WP
What is the unit for measuring WP
WP of pure water
Is a WP of -500kPa low or high
5
An example of a single celled organism
An example of a multicelluar organism
What does the cell cycle refer to
What does each chromosome contain
What does each molecule of DNA contain
What do the chromosomes hold
What must the daughter cells contain
What are histones
DNA + Histone proteins =
Describe the Copying and Seperating process of cell division
Disadvantages and advantages of super coiled chromosomes
How can the copying be checked
What happens if genes are not copied precisely
How fast is the cycle
Stages of cell cycle
How does Asexual reproduction work in organisms
How do multicelluar organisms grow
Why is making new cells important
What are the 4 stages of mitosis
What happens in Prophase
What happens in Metaphase
What happens in Anaphase
What happens in Telophase
In what organism are all cells capable of mitosis and cytokinesis
What is the name of the only cells in plants that can carry out mitosis
As plants do not have centrioles, where are their tubulin protein threads (spindle) made
What are the cells produced by mitosis and cytokinesesis genetically identical to
What is the name given to genetically identical cells
What is vegetative propogation
What is Binary Fission
An example of how farmers have used artificial cloning
An example of how scientists have used artificial cloning
What are stem cells
What are embryonic stem cells (that can develop into any adult cell type) classified as
What are adult stem cells (that can be found in small numbers in adult tissue) classified as
Where are plant meristem cells located
How can genetically different organisms be made (sexual reproduction)
What is the name of the cell division usually responsible for producing gametes
In what regions of the adult organism does meiosis take place
Normal eukaryotic adult cells are 'diploid', what does this mean
Normal eukaryotic daughter cells are 'haploid', what does this mean
Why do the resulting daughter cells differ
Ways in which meiosis differs from mitosis
6
What governs the physical size that a single cell can reach
What type of organism has a large surface area to volume ratio
The benefit for single-celled organisms with a large surface area to volume ratio
Why do multi-cellular organisms need specialized tissues (organs,tissues)
What is specialisation
What is differentiation
What are the 3 ways in which a cell can differentiate
There are two types of human blood cells that each began with the same number of chromosomes, what are they called
What are both blood cells produced from
How do Erythrocytes differ
How do Neutrophils differ
What is a 'tissue'
Example of a Tissue
What is an 'organ'
What is an 'organ system'
What is an 'organ system'
Two types of plant transport tissues
Why are transport tissues necessary in plants
Where do Xylem and Phloem come from
And why do they differentiate
What does Xylem transport and in what direction
What does Phloem transport and in what direction
Key features of Xylem
Key features of Phloem
4 categories for animal tissues
Types of epithelial tissues
Features of Squamous epithelial tissue
Features of Ciliated epithelial tissue
Requirements for photosynthesis
What is the major organ of photosynthesis
How are leaves adapted to photosynthesize excrete waste products
How are stomata opened and closed
Cells Completed
