What name is given to the fibroserous, fluid-filled sack that surrounds the muscular body of the heart and the roots of the great vessels?
Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Pleurae
Which of the two main layers of the pericardium is the external layer?
Serous pericardium
Fibrous pericardium
The fibrous pericardium is continuous with....
The central tendon of the diaphragm
The sternum
The myocardium
The trachea
The fibrous pericardium is made of tough connective tissue and is relatively non-distensible.
The serous pericardium is itself divided into two layers. Which layer forms the outer layer of the heart and is also known as the epicardium?
Visceral layer
Parietal layer
The parietal layer of the serous pericardium lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium.
What occurs between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium?
Serous fluid
Blood
Fibrous connective tissue
Lymph fluid
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the layers of the heart wall.
Which of the following are the functions of the pericardium?
Fixture of the heart in the mediastinum
Prevents overfilling of the heart
Lubrication to reduce friction
Protection from infection
Increases contractility
Contains stem cells to regenerate cardiac myocytes
How does the pericardium prevent overfilling of the heart?
Fibrous pericardium restricts extreme expansion
Serous pericardium restricts extreme expansion
Serous pericardium allows extreme expansion
Fibrous pericardium can be ruptured
What is pericardial effusion?
Accumulation of fluid within the pericardial cavity
Accumulation of blood within the coronary sinuses
Rupture of the fibrous pericardium
Rupture of the serous pericardium
The pericardium is somatically innervated by...
The vagus nerve (CNX)
The phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
The lesser thoracic splanchnic nerves (T5-T9)
The accessory nerve (CNXI)
Where is referred pain experienced in pericarditis?
Shoulders
Left side of the chest
Right side of the chest
Epigastric region
The coronary arteries branch to supply the whole heart. How many coronary arteries do we have?
2
3
4
6
Where do the coronary arteries arise from?
The aorta
The pulmonary trunk
The right atrium
The left atrium
When does blood enter the coronary arteries?
Systole
Diastole
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the coronary arteries of the heart.
From which coronary artery does the anterior interventricular artery arise from?
Left coronary artery
Right coronary artery
In 80-85% of individuals, the posterior interventricular artery arises from...
The left coronary artery
The right coronary artery
Blood travels from the subendocardium into the...
Thebesian veins
Coronary sinus
Great cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
These then drain into large veins that empty into the...
Cardiac sinus
Middle cardiac vein
Where will you find the coronary sinus?
On the posterior surface in the coronary sulcus
On the anterior surface in the coronary sulcus
In the interventricular sulcus
Alongside the superior vena cava
Where does the coronary sinus drain into?
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
Drag and drop the correct labels to describe the veins draining the heart.
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the anterior divisions of the coronary arteries.
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the distribution of the coronary arteries on the posterior surface of the heart.
What provides the sympathetic innervation of the heart?
T1-T4
Vagus nerve (CNX)
Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
Accessory nerve (CNXI)
What provides the parasympathetic innervation of the heart?
Considering dermatomes, where will painf rom the heart be referred to?
Chest
Stomach/lower oesophagus
Upper limb
Groin
Neck
The ductus arteriosus in the foetus...
Connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
Connects the aorta to the superior vena cava
Connects the left pulmonary veins to the aorta
Connects the superior vena cava to the pulmonary trunk
What does the ductus arteriosus become post-natally?
Ligamentum arteriosum
Patent foramen ovale
Fossa ovalis
Ductus venosum
What is the collective function of the foramen ovale and the ductus arteriosus in the foetal heart?
Allows blood flowing out of the right heart to enter the aorta to bypass the pulmonary circulation
Allows blood flowing out of the left heart to enter the pulmonary trunk to bypass systemic circulation
Prevents excessive oxygenation of the blood
Prevents hypercapnia
Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the foetal circulation.