The big AP Exercise therapy quiz: UK Physio

❌: A condition from birth where the body produces insufficient insulin. Lifestyle can play a part in management, but is not causative.
❌: A condition that has lifestyle factors in it's development, as well as it's management when present. Over time insulin sensitivity becomes reduced and blood sugar becomes less able diffuse out of blood vessels.

An individual without Diabetes Mellitus will co-ordinate hormonal and metabolic events to ensure the maintenance of ❌.

In Diabetes, ❌ and other hormonal responses do not respond in the normal manner so the balance between ❌ glucose utilisation and ❌ glucose production may be disturbed.
There are many factors that will affect this response during a single bout of exercise.

Possible risks in exercising with type 2 diabetes include:

Systemic:
❌ Haemorrhage
❌ proteinurea
Accelaration of ❌

Cardiovascular:
Cardiac ❌
Ischaemic ❌
❌ blood pressure
Post exercise orthostatic ❌
Metabolic:
❌glycaemia
Ketosis

Musculoskeletal:
❌ ulcers
Injury related to ❌
Degenerative ❌ disease

Treating a hypoglycaemic episode should be done immediately. You can do this by eating or drinking ❌ to ❌ grams of a fast acting carbohydrate, this could include

❌ glucose or dextrose tablets
❌ jelly babies
a ❌ glass of a sugary (non-diet) drink
a small carton of pure fruit juice
a tube of ❌ gel

Graded exercise therapy is a staged approach to exercise for people with ME/CFS.

Exercise is based on the person's ❌ level of activities (ADLs, relapses, goals) and should include ❌ and relaxation strategies to manage recovery and acute exercise malaise.

Goals should be ❌, and the physiological context of exercise should be explained, including the potential to ❌ symptoms in the short term.

Start with ❌ exercise sustainable independent of fluctuations. Frequency should be progressed first, then duration.

There are ❌ pharmaceutical treatments to manage ME, and evidence for pacing strategies is ❌: The ME association currently recommends pacing as the preferred approach to activity management.

Strategies that should be avoided include unsupervised ❌ exercise, encouraging of exercising substantially ❌ than full capacity to reserve energy (envelope theory), encouraging ❌ during a relapse, or having exercise guided by inexperienced practitioners.

❌ (MI) is a counselling technique that can be modified based on target group to change ❌ behaviours, elicit ambivalences, and ❌ self-efficacy for making changes.

MI is a collaborative, ❌-centred form of guiding to elicit and strengthen motivation for ❌. It is delivered over an ❌ period of time. It is particularly useful for helping those who are ❌ ready to change, and has been found effective in promoting change (at least in the ❌ term) with a wide range of health behaviours, including ❌ and physical activity. All health professionals can be trained in it's use.

The principles of MI are illustrated by the acronym RULE.
R: ❌. Practitioners should ❌ to "put right" patient's behaviours.
U: ❌ and explore the patient's own motivations
L: ❌ empathy
E: ❌ the patient, encouraging hope and optimism.

Label the BMI classifications (BMI in kg/m2)

Classification
Healthy - ❌-❌
Overweight - ❌-❌
Obese 1 - ❌-❌
Obese 2 -❌-❌
Obese 3 - ❌

Link the description to the behaviour change theory/model:

❌ - A situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors produces a feeling of mental discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance.

❌ - Explains how, over time, an idea or product gains momentum and spreads through a specific population or social system. The end result of this is that people, as part of a social system, adopt a new idea, behavior, or product. Adoption means that a person does something differently than what they had previously (i.e., purchase or use a new product, acquire and perform a new behavior, etc.). The key to adoption is that the person must perceive the idea, behavior, or product as new or innovative.

❌ - Based around the foundation that health related behaviours are predicated upon 1) the desire to avoid illness and/or recover from illness, and 2) the belief that a specific health action will avoid or help recover from said illness. An individual's course of action depends on the person's perceptions of the benefits and barriers of those health behaviours. There are six components of these beliefs and barriers. 1. Perceived susceptibility. 2. Perceived severity. 3. Perceived benefits. 4. Perceived barriers. 5. Cue to action, and 6. Self efficacy.

❌ - A person centred counselling style for eliciting behavioural change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence via focused and goal directed discussions. The core foundation is bringing about "change talk" and evoking patient motivation to make positive changes. The approach relies on non-judgement of the patient and accepting them how they are.

❌ - In essence, a person's belief in their own competence and ability to achieve/perform a given goal/task. This can interact with all aspects of a person's life, but has particular relevance when it comes to making changes to health behaviours, where without this, a person will have minimal motivation to change as they will believe it outside the scope of their capabilities.

❌ - A framework of learning and change based upon the observation of others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. "People do not learn new behaviours solely by trying them and either succeeding or failing, but rather the replication of the actions of others"

❌ - Aims to explain the relationship between attitudes and behaviours in human action. Mainly used to predict how individuals will behave based on their pre-existing attitudes and behavioural intentions. "An individual's decision to engage in a particular behaviour is based on the outcomes the individual expects will come as a result of performing it".

Transtheoretical model/❌ - A framework based on the idea that individuals move through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and termination.