1.2

What substances do organisms need and why

How can organisms absorb these substances

What waste products from their metabolic reactions within the cytoplasm do organisms need to remove

What type of organisms have a large surface area to volume ratio

What type of SA to V ratio do multi celluar organisms have

Why do larger organisms need special exchange surfaces

Features of a good exchange surface

What do all these features maintain

What mechanism do some exchange surfaces use to increase exchange

Example of a specialized exchange surface

What are the lungs

Describe the path of the airway through the lungs and where gas is exchanged

How do people ventilate

Where does all gaseous exchange in the lungs take place

How does O2 get exchanged

How does CO2 get exchanged

Features of a good exchange surface

Why do exchange surface need a large surface area

Why are the alveoli sufficient despite being very small

Why is a steep diffusion gradient necessary

How is a steep diffusion gradient maintained

Summary of blood transport system

How does the heart pump blood through to the lungs

how are the lungs adapted to reduce diffusion distance

Summary of how breathing movements of the lung ventilate the lungs

Describe inspiration (inhaling)

Describe expiration (exhaling)

What do the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles pass air into

What requirements must the airways meet in order to be effective

Which two airway structures have similar structures but differ in size

Which airway structures have several layers of tissue

Structure and features of trachea

Structure and features of Bronchi

Structure and features of bronchioles

What is the role of the cartilage tissue

Role of smooth muscle

Role of Elasitic fibres

Role of Goblet cells and Glandular tissue

Role of Ciliated epithelium

What is breathing

Tidal Volume definition

Vital capacity

Residual Volume

Dead space

Inspiratory reserve volume

Expiratory reserve volume

What does the spirometer trace look like

How is a spirometer used to measure lung volume

How can the different elements of lung volume be shown using spirometer

What gas can build up when breathing into and out of a spirometer

What type of lime is used to absorb the CO2

What do all animal cells need a supply of in order to survive

What are the three main factors that affect the need for a transport system

How does size affect the need for a transport system

How does the SA to Volume ratio affect the need for a transport system

How does level of activity affect the need for a transport system

What are the features of a good transport system

Example of an animal with a single circulatory system

Example of an animal type with a double circulatory system

How does the fish single circulatory system work

How does the mammal double circulatory system work

What are the two circuits for the double circulatory system

How are S.C.Systems efficient for fish

How are D.C.Systems efficient for mammals

Conditions in fish S.C.System

Conditions in mammal D.C.System

2

What is the mammalian heart and how is it divided

What does the right hand side pump

What does the left hand side pump

How is blood moved along the arteries

External features of heart

Internal features of heart

What happens when the muscle of each chamber contracts

Why is the muscle of the atria thin

Which ventricle is thicker and why

Stages of contraction in cardiac cycle

Why is important that the chambers of the heart all contract in a coordinated fashion

What is the cardiac cycle

What happens during the Filling phase and what is it known as

What happens during the Atrial contraction and what is it known as

What happens during ventricular contraction and what is it known as

How do valves work

What causes the AV Valves to open

Where does blood entering the heart flow straight through

What happens to the pressure in the atria and ventricles as they fill

Do the valves remain open or closed while the atria contract

As the ventrticles begin to contract does the pressure of blood in the ventricles rise or fall

In what direction does the blood start to move, when the pressure in the ventricles rises above that in the atria

How does this upwards movement prevent blood flowing back into the atria

When the ventricles start to contract, is the pressure higher in the major arteries or in the ventricles

What effect does this have on SV valves (ventricles contracting)

Why does the pressure inside the ventricles rise quickly as they contract

What leads to the semilunar valves being pushed open

In what state of pressure is blood forced out of the ventricles

What happens to the heart muscle once the ventricle walls have finished contracting

Role of elastic tissues in ventricular walls after contraction & as a result what does it cause

What happens once the pressure in the ventricles drops below pressure in the major arteries

What does the closing of the SV valves prevent

What sound does the heart make

What is the first sound 'Lub' a result of

What is the second sound 'Dup' a result of

The shutting of which valve is louder (not due to blood accumulating in their pockets)