BIOLOGY B3-Removing Water Products, Kidney Treatments, Body Temp, Blood Glucose Control

<REMOVING WASTE PRODUCTS>
-Must be removed from the body before they can cause harm
>CARBON DIOXIDE--->Produced in cells by respiration--->Removed from the body through lungs when we breathe out.

<PROCESS IN THE KIDNEY>
-When blood enters the kidney:
1) It is FILTERED to remove some substances
2) Some substances are REABSORBED back into the blood:
-All Sugars
-Any Dissolved ions needed by the body
-As much water as the body needs
3) The remaining water, excess ions and UREA from URINE

<DIALYSIS>
-Involves diverting the blood through an 'artificial kidney' machine that cleans it and returns it to the body
-Must be carried out every 2-3 days, usually at a hospital

<ADVANTAGES OF DIALYSIS>
-There is no need to wait for donated organs
-There is no need for a tissue match
-There is no need to take immunosuppressant drugs
-There is no surgery involved

<ADVANTAGES OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANT>
-A donated kidney should last for many years
-Once they have recovered from the operation, patients are able to move around normally

<SWEATING>
-One way we keep cool is by sweating
-As the body gets hotter, more sweat is produced to cool the body--->More sweat means more water is lost--->More water must be taken in as food or drink to replace the lost water
(When the body gets hot, pale skin becomes pinker as more blood flows through the skin)

<COOLING DOWN>
-If core temps are too high:
-Blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries DILATE (get wider)
-More blood flows through the skin capillaries near skin surface, so more heat is transferred to the cooler environment
-Sweat glands release more sweat
-The sweat evaporates transferring heat to the environment

<BLOOD GLUCOSE CONTROL>
-The concentration of glucose in the blood is monitored and controlled by the pancreas

<INSULIN>
-Insulin is a hormone.
-Blood glucose concentration is too high, e.g. just after a meal ---> Insulin is released by the pancreas into the blood --->
Insulin causes cells (especially in muscles and the liver) to take up glucose from the blood

<TYPE 1 DIABETES>
-Type 1 diabetes, also know as INSULIN-DEPENDANT diabetes, normally occurs suddenly in childhood
-The body is not able to produce its own insulin. This is thought to be caused by the immune systems attacking the insulin-producing BETA CELLS.
-Type 1 diabetes can be controlled with regular insulin injections and the careful management of diet and exercise
-Doctors can transplant a pancreas successfully, but it is expensive, risky and not enough donors