Biology Topic 7 Flashcards

List the 5 things that allow us to move

Muscles work as...

A muscle which contracts to cause extension of a joint is called a...

Tendons join...

Properties of tendons

Ligaments attach...

Properties of ligaments

Function of cartilage

Properties of cartilage

What is bone made of?

What is 1 property of bone?

Why do we have synovial fluid?

When the myosin head binds to the actin what does it form?

What causes the mysoin head to detach from the actin?

When the sarcolema is depolarised what is released, from where to where?

In the sliding filament theory what do calcium ions bind to and what does this cause?

Describe aerobic respiration

What is the overall equation for aerobic respiration?

Where does glycolysis occurr?

What is the first step of glycolysis and what is it called?

What is the net input net output from glycolysis?

Where does the Krebs cycle occurr?

What is the net output per pyruvate molecule during the links reaction & Krebs cycle?

How is ATP produced in the Krebs cycle?

The inner mitochondrial membrane is ________ to protons.

How many ATP does each NADH and FADH molecule produce?

What is the theoretical maximal ATP yield from respiration?
Where does each ATP get produced?

Describe chemiosmosis

What happens after chemiosmosis to form water?

What is the net output of anaerboic respiration?

In aerobic respiration how is NAD re-produced for glycolysis?

How is NAD regenerated in anaerobic respiration?

What is creatine phosphate and what is is used for?

Describe and explain the effect of lactate

Why do you breathe heavily after a race?

Reasons for expected oxygen debt being smaller than EPOC

How does creatine phosphate work?

Av HR for a male is

Define: myogenic property of the heart

Which node is described as a pace maker?

What does the atrioventricular valve do?

During atriole systole which valves are open and which are shut?

During ventricular systole which valves are open and closed?

Why is the impulse through the heart delayed just before ventricular systole?

Valves during diastole...

What causes low pressure in the heart chambers during diastole?

What does ECG stand for?

On an ECG what does each of the P, QRS and T section of the graph represent?

Polarised = ______
Depolarised = ______

Cardiac output = ...
(dm3/min)

Define cardiac output

Define aerobic capacity

Define stroke volume

Where is the cardiovascular control center?

Is the autonomic nervous syt. involuntary or voluntary?

What are the 2 parts to the autonomic nervous system and what do they do?

How are baroreceptors used?

And what is it an example of?

Describe the role of stretch receptors during exercise?

What hormone can cause an anticipatory increase in HR?

Describe the effects of adrenaline and from where it is released.

Where is the ventilation centre?

How (briefly) does the VC regulate rate and depth of breathing?

Define: tidal volume

Define: IRV

Define: ERV

Define: vital capacity

Define: residual volume

Inspiratory Capacity, IC = ...

Ventilation rate =
(dm3/min)

What is a muscle made up of?

Describe a muscle fibre

Describe the sarcoplasmic reticulum

What is a muscle fibre composed of?

What is the I band, A band and H zone in a myofibril and which change during contraction?

Slow twitch fibre is AKA...

Fast twitch fibre is AKA...

Everything about a slow twitch fibre

Everything about fast twitch fibres

Define: Homeostasis

Thermoreg is controlled by...

What are the 4 methods of energy transfer?

If body temperature increases too much what is the response of the effectors?

If body temperature decreases too much what is the effector response?

Advantages of exercise

Disadvantages of exercising too much

Suggested causal mechanism for immune suppression due to overtraining

Disadvantages of exercising too little

3 medical technologies enabling those with injuries and disabilities to take part in sport

Define a prosthesis

Define doping

List 8 banned substances

What is blood doping?

What is gene doping?

What are anabolic steroids for?

What is EPO and what does it do?

What are hormone agonists?

What do diuretics do?

What are narcotics?

What do beta-blockers do?

What are 2 ethical standpoints?

Arguments for doping

Arguments against doping

What is the transcription initiation complex?

How is transcription prevented?
(2 ways)

What are hormones?

What type of hormones are
1) testosterone
2) EPO

How do anabolic steroids work?

How do peptide hormones work?

Describe the changes in the heart that bring about increased CO

What is a cruciate ligament?