Which of the following is not a sign of acute inflammation?
Pain
Functio Laesa
Swelling
Erythema
Warmth
Angiogenesis
List the main components of the 1st (vascular) phase of acute inflammation.
Vascular dilation --> smooth muscle relaxation --> endothelial cell contraction --> increase in vascular permeability
Smooth muscle relaxation --> vascular dilation --> endothelial cell contraction --> increase in vascular permeability
Endothelial cell contraction --> increase in vascular permeability --> vascular dilation --> smooth muscle relaxation
Endothelial cell contraction --> increase in vascular permeability --> smooth muscle relaxation --> vascular dilation
Bradykinin has effects similar to histamine, but these effects become evident later in the inflammation process.
Your patient has been bitten by a venomous snake. You would expect activation of the complement cascade through which pathway?
Classical pathway
Alternative pathway
Lectin pathway
Complement pathway
Nitric oxide, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines and PAF are all examples of
Plasma-derived mediators of inflammation
Cell-derived mediators of inflammation
Complement-derived mediators of inflammation
Lymphocyte-derived mediators of inflammation
The process by which leukocytes are marginalized and become attached to the endothelium of vessels is called
Margination
Pavementing
Exudation
Diapedesis
IL-1 and TNF are the primary endogenous pyrogens released from leukocytes or macrophages
Which major cell types would you expect to see in the 3rd (organization) stage of wound healing and repair?
Activated macrophages
Endothelial cells
Fibroblasts
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils
Wound healing by first/primary intention includes: formation of a scab, scavenger action of PMNs, formation of granulation tissue, and scarring.
With persistent injury that leads to chronic inflammation,
the symptoms are prominent
CT proliferation occurs as inflammation subsides
Exudate is comprised of neutrophils
Exudate is comprised of lymphocytes and macrophages
A patient's kidney was affected by inflammation for 2-3 months. What type of cells would you expect to see in the tissue?
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Fibroblastic scarring
Plasma cells
You are observing tissue slides and see many multinucleated giant cells. What underlying reaction/inflammation probably caused this?
Granulomatous
Ulcerative
Pseudomembranous
Acute
Which of the following chemotaxins are endogenous?
Necrotic cells
Fibrinopeptides
Lipopolysaccharide
IL-8
LTB4
Under ____ conditions, phagocytosis involves a respiratory burst and killing by way of free radicals. This form of phagocytosis _____ contained within the cell.
anaerobic; is
anaerobic; is not
aerobic; is
aerobic; is not
Macrophages appear at the site of inflammation 3-4 days after onset of infection/trauma and are typically present in chronic inflammation.
Which of the following pathologies are characterized by serous inflammation, the mildest form of inflammation?
Purulent tracheobronchitis
Peptic ulcer
2nd degree burn
Strep throat
Which of the following complication(s) are associated with granulomas?
Bleeding from eroded blood vessels into cavities
Fibrosis
Chronic persistence
Pseudomembranous inflammation
Which of the following cell types do not divide regularly, but can be stimulated to divide if necessary?
Stable cells
Labile cells
Permanent cells
Mitotic cells
Which of the following is not a factor that can significantly delay wound healing?
Site of the wound
Mechanical factors
Age
Nurtritional factors
Vitamin C intake
You observe the following signs in your patient: leukocytosis, fever, increased CRP and increased ESR. What causes the increase in hepatic synthesis of CRP?
Cytokines, mainly IL-6 and IL-1.
Cytokines, mainly IL-8
PGE1 and IL-1
Insulin synthesis
In early wound organization of granulation tissue you would likely see
Proliferation of fibroblasts
Dense collagen sclerosis
Neovascularization
Fibronectin synthesis
Albumin, synthesized by the liver and pancreas, is the major protein generating vascular oncotic pressure.
Non-inflammatory edema is characterized by
Increased endothelial permeability
Transudate
Exudate
Increased colloid osmotic pressure
Which of the below options are clinical examples of edema?
Cirrhosis of the liver
CHF
Nephrotic syndrome
Lymphatic obstruction
Blushing of the cheeks is an example of passive hyperemia.
A "nutmeg" liver is the result of
hepatic congestion due to left heart failure
one too many "cinnamon challenges"
hepatic congestion due to right heart failure
hepatic steatosis
Factors increasing one's risk for hemorrhage include:
severe increase in platelets
coagulation factor deficiency
capillary fragility
platelet dysfunction
Metrorrhagia is defined as profound menstrual bleeding and is considered a form of hemorrhage.
Arterial rupture is often due to weakening of the vessel walls and venous rupture is often due to injury.
A 65-year-old female alcoholic is found to have sever liver cirrhosis and facial edema. Which of the following directly contributes to this form of edema?
Decreased lymphatic flow
Decreased oncotic pressure
Increased venous pressure
Decreased arterial pressure
Which of the following substances provides a framework for a clot?
Thrombin
RBCs
Plasmin
Fibrin
A healthcare worker develops a small thrombus in their lower leg. What is the most likely fate of the thrombus?
Embolize to the heart
Lysis and resolution
Embolize to the lungs
Organization and extension
A 70-year-old male has a hard time catching his breath and has a dry cough that worsens at night. Diffuse pulmonary edema is noted. The cause of this patient's edema is right-sided heart failure.
Twin brothers present to your ED with acute conditions; one with volvulus and one with testicular torsion. With respect to the damaged tissues, you would expect to see a RED infarct in these cases.
You are a pathology PA are looking at an area of tissue that looks to be consistent with a pale/white infarct that is mottled. Which of the following injuries/mechanisms could explain this?
Pulmonary infarction that is now receiving blood from bronchial arteries
Hepatic infarction perfused by collateral vessels after a few days
Myocardial infarction perfused by collateral vessels after a few days
This description is highly unlikely
A patient, known to be in shock, is hypotensive, acidotic, and has oliguria. What stage of shock is the patient probably in?
Compensated
Decompensated
Irreversible
Cardiogenic
A paradoxical embolus is a venous embolus that travels to the arterial circulation via the foramen ovale or interventricular septal defect.
Intravascular coagulation is the result of the interaction of which factors?
Coagulation proteins
Hemodynamic changes
Platelets
Virchow's triad comprises the three predisposing conditions for pathologic thrombi including: endothelial cell injury, hypocoagulability of the blood and hemodynamic changes.
Alternating bands of RBCs and platelets/fibrin, also known as Lines of Zahn, appear in venous clots due to the dynamic nature of blood flow.
