Counseling Theories I & II Final Exam Study Quiz

Perfect vs. Failure is an example of a problematic __________.

• Polarity

• Act

• Opposition

• Counterbalance

The statement: "The more one tries to change (and be who one is not), the more one stays the same," refers to what concept in Gestalt counseling?

• Paradoxical Theory of Change

• Organismic Self-Regulation

• Awareness

• Integration of Polarities

When a person has integrated polarities, they have:

• Accepted more aspects of the self

• Made peace with who and what one is

• A responsive relationship with the environment

• Trust in the self and life itself

Gestalt counselors work with clients to confront their "shoulds" in order to help clients:

• Live authentically

• Regulate emotions in unhealthy ways

• Avoid taking existential responsibility for their lives

• Confront others putting pressure on them

The idea that Gestalt counselors use their whole personhood to make real authentic contact with clients is best explained as counselors:

• Freely sharing their thoughts and feelings as they occur in session

• Expressing few emotions to protect the client

• Not making or admitting mistakes in session

• Avoiding rattling the client

What is the primary vehicle for change in Gestalt counseling?

• The person of the counselor

• The interventions

• The theory

• The client

Gestalt counselors offer clients their presence in __________ experiences in the counseling session.

• Here-and-now

• Emotional

• Unhampered

• Unconscious

How would the attitudes and behaviors of a counselor with a Gestalt theoretical orientation compare to those of a counselor with a person-centered theoretical orientation?

• The Gestalt counselor would act bored, irritated, or impatient if that's the way he or she felt whereas the person-centered counselor would practice unconditional positive regard and display empathy.

• The two would behave in similar ways, both focusing on unconditional positive regard and empathy.

• Both counselors would always let a client know how the client's behavior is affecting the counselor.

• The person-centered counselor would be more likely to use confrontation tactics with the client.

In Fritz Perl's native language of German, the word describing the concept of people being understood holistically and contextually is:

• Gestalt

• Adler

• Psychodynamic

• Existential

Interventions in Gestalt counseling are designed to encourage clients to make __________ and complete the __________ cycle.

• Contact/Encounter

• Excuses/Avoidance

• Changes/Withdrawal

• Peace/Life

Gestalt counselors believe neuroses and other problems develop when a person:

• Avoids direct contact with parts of the self

• Has a sense of personal inferiority

• Avoids directly confronting existential realities

• Has conflicts between the id and superego

Asking your client to speak aloud while in session what she is afraid to say to a person, would be an example of what Gestalt intervention?

• Experiment

• Body Awareness

• Language Modification

• Dream Work

In general, most schools of feminist and multicultural counseling will consider all of the following aspects of a person's experience except:

• Effect of gender

• Effect of culture

• Effect of irrational emotion

• Effect of relationship

According to systemic counselors, the symptoms clients present with in counseling are viewed as:

• Related to systemic dynamics

• Dysfunctional

• Homeostatic

• Abnormal

The following statement: "At the end of the session, the client cannot say which 'side' the counselor was on," is an example of a counselor successfully achieving __________.

• Homeostasis

• Quid pro quo

• Neutrality

• Partiality

Systemic counselors view the presenting problem not as an individual problem but a __________one, specifically an interactional one, even if the counselor is working with an individual.

• Dysfunctional

• Relational

• Pathological

• Independent

One of the most thoroughly researched family systems approaches that empirically validated treatment for treating couples is:

• Integrative Couples Therapy

• Emotionally Focused Therapy

• Brief Strategic Family Therapy

• Functional Family Therapy

Feminist counselors see women as developing the self:

• In and through relationships

• In isolation

• Autonomously

• Separate from others

Systemic approaches are a set of theories that conceptualize an individual's symptoms as arising where?

• The unconscious mind

• Within family and relational dynamics

• From social oppression

• When a person is not self-actualized

The experience a client has, in which he or she rejects parts of self, becoming disconnected from the self as well as others, is referred to as:

• Disempowerment

• Shame

• Self-control

• Internalized oppression

The purpose of enactments in systemic counseling is what?

• To avoid seeing couples or family arguing in your office

• To hear couples and families describe how they interact

• To help couples and families to argue in your office

• To observe and restructure couple and family interactions in your office

Feminist counselors use assertiveness training to help empower clients. The goal of assertiveness training is for clients to:

• Attend only to the needs of self

• Attend to both the needs of self and others with balance

• Attend only to the needs of others

• All of the above

An egalitarian relationship is a critical aspect to feminist counseling.
An egalitarian relationship involves:

• Counselors and clients discussing power dynamics inherent in the therapy process.

• Clients sharing their opinions and asking questions about the counseling process.

• Counselors and clients collaborating to decide how best to address clients' problems.

• All of the above contribute to egalitarian relationships in therapy

Family systems counselors are fundamentally strengths-based. This means focusing on each of the following EXCEPT:

• Advocating against labeling families as dysfunctional

• Focusing on religious beliefs or hobbies to develop interventions

• Seeing the individual as the enemy of the family

• Recognizing the family as supportive and protective to individuals

Shifts in family structure, during the early stages of counseling, which seem like radical change but the underlying family rules remain the same, refer to what?

• Self-correcting

• First-order change

• Cybernetics

• Second-order change

According to feminist and multicultural counselors, the desire for __________ is the primary motivating factor, and fundamental to an individual's sense of well-being.

• Control

• Oppression

• Connection

• Individuation

One of the strengths of systems theory and it application for working with diverse populations is its __________ approach.

• Problem focused

• Non-pathologizing

• Solution Focused

• Multigenerational

Gender-role analysis, a defining intervention used by feminist counselors, involves:

• Asking only female clients about how the rules regarding male and female behavior may affect the client's current problem

• Focusing on the problem as inherent in the client

• Asking questions of clients to help identify cultural rules from multiple contexts that may be interacting with the current problem

• Blaming different contexts (religion, work, family, etc.) in the client's life for the current problem

An example of a relational system within which systemic counselors view their clients would be:

• Mother, father, siblings

• Online communities

• Church

• All of the options are correct

According to feminist counselors, the personal is political, refers to the interconnectedness of a person's internal reality with political issues from the broader social context. This is true for:

• Men

• Women

• Transgender

• All of the options are correct

__________ refers to when a system restructures its homeostasis in response to positive feedback, and the rules that govern the system fundamentally shift.

• Self-correcting

• First-order change

• Cybernetics

• Second-order change

A major philosophy of feminist counseling approaches places societal issues at the heart of treatment. This is consistent with which of the following approaches?

• Psychodynamic

• Cognitive Behavioral

• Solution Focused

• Narrative

Feminist counselors promote social activism and social justice through their own actions and with their clients. This can be accomplished by:

• Supporting clients' finding ways to make a difference in their communities in ways that work for the client

• Requiring clients to start groups for peers in their communities suffering from similar struggles

• Advocating for clients no matter what the cost (personally or professionally) to the therapist

• All of the options are correct

The basic listening sequence consists of which skills?

• attending behavior, listening skills, and self-disclosure

• questions, encouragers, paraphrases, reflection of feeling, and summarizations

• verbal underlining, attending behavior, and influencing skills

• open questions, closed questions, attending behavior, check-out

When you demonstrate effective attending behavior, clients usually

• become happier.

• talk more freely and respond more openly.

• ask more questions.

• let you speak about your personal experiences.

The Microskills Hierarchy

• demonstrates clearly that different clients have different needs.

• demonstrates that alternative settings for counseling require different skills.

• describes the skills in order of importance.

• provides a picture of the microskills as they move from attending to influencing to skill integration.

If you use an encourager correctly, you may anticipate the client to

• paraphrase what you have said back to you accurately.

• stop talking about that topic and move on to something more important.

• indicate that he or she appreciates what you are doing.

• explore a topic more in depth, often leading to exploration of deeper meanings of the concept that has been encouraged.

Attending behavior includes individually and culturally appropriate

• visuals.

• verbal tracking.

• body language.

• all of the options are correct.

A primary difference between an interpretation / reframe and a reflection of meaning is that

• reflection of meaning remains in the client's own frame of reference, while interpretation / reframe comes from the counselor's frame of reference.

• reflection of meaning deals with meaning, while interpretation / reframe deals with feeling.

• reflection of meaning is an influencing skill, while interpretation / reframe is an attending skill.

• reflection of meaning helps the client to come to alternative ways to consider a situation, while interpretation / reframe does not.

The foundation of the Microskills Hierarchy is (are)

• ethics, multicultural competence, and wellness.

• attending behavior.

• influencing behavior.

• determining one's own personal style of helping.

Which question would most effectively probe for meaning according to the authors?

• Could you give me a specific example?

• Do you really mean it?

• How do you REALLY feel?

• What values underlie your actions?

The authors argue that natural style is a basic building block of intentional counseling. Which of the following is NOT part of their view of natural style?

• It is best to identify one's natural style and then always hold to it.

• We all have natural strengths in communication.

• Too many people in interviewing training may forget the many strengths they bring to the course even before instruction begins.

• Instruction, practice, and learning new skills and strategies can enhance natural style.

Intentional interviewing is concerned with

• finding the single best response for each client statement.

• the counselor knowing one theory exceptionally well.

• having many alternative responses available to any client statement.

• explaining to the client why you made that particular choice.

The authors of your text recommend using a positive asset search because it enables clients to

• find a more positive center before they talk about their concerns in detail.

• realize that they have internal strengths that will help them rewrite their stories in a more positive fashion.

• ignore really difficult problems.

• Both answers 1 and 2

The basic listening sequence is more likely to be used in

• the rapport / structuring phase of the interview.

• gathering information.

• defining goals.

• concluding the interview and generalization.

• all of the above.

When the feelings of the client are not fully understandable and seem confused,

• it is best to ignore the feeling until you understand fully what the client is saying.

• paraphrase and summarize what you have heard.

• reflect the feelings as you have heard them, but include a check-out for accuracy.

• all of the above.

• none of the above.

"I feel really terrible. My folks have divorced. They have moved apart and I don't know where to live." Which would be a reflection of feeling in response to this client?

• "Terrible?"

• "Looks like you have had a bad experience. I can see that it would be tough deciding what to do next."

• "Sounds like you're really upset and are confused as to what to do next."

• "How do you feel about having to choose where you'll live?

According to the authors, feedback is LEAST effective

• when it deals with one or two things at a time.

• when it is general rather than specific.

• when it is a check to ensure clear communication.

• when it is asked for by the recipient.

The most important function of summarizations is that

• they feed back the essence of many things that might have been missed otherwise.

• they break the routine or paraphrasing, questioning, and encouraging.

• they bring together the things a client has been saying in an organized fashion.

• they provide an opportunity for the interviewer to summarize his or her own ideas.

Identify the theory or best response. Though humans are born with the potential for rational thinking, there is a tendency toward crooked and irrational thinking.

• psychoanalytic therapy

• behavior therapy

• REBT

• reality therapy

• none of the above

The concept of transference is important in:

• psychoanalytic therapy

• reality therapy

• REBT

• behavior therapy

• none of the above

The Oedipus complex is stressed in:

• existential therapy

• family systems therapy

• Gestalt therapy

• Adlerian therapy

• none of the above

The approach that begins with a comprehensive lifestyle assessment, and which stresses family constellation and early memories, is:

• Adlerian therapy

• psychoanalytic therapy

• existential therapy

• family systems therapy

• none of the above

Rollo May and Viktor Frankl are associated with which approach to therapy?

• person-centered therapy

• Gestalt therapy

• psychoanalytic therapy

• existential therapy

• none of the above

Which of the following is NOT associated with behavior therapy?

• focus on cognitive patterns

• focus on exploring repressed childhood feelings

• ocus on specific target behaviors

• focus on learning responses

Which of the following techniques would not likely be used by the person-centered therapist?

• interpretation of dreams

• active listening

• reflection

• clarification

• caring confrontations

Systematic desensitization is a technique used in which approach?

• Adlerian therapy

• existential therapy

• Gestalt therapy

• behavior therapy

• none of the above

A contribution of behavior therapy is that it:

• is a pragmatic approach based on experimental validation of the results.

• gives a rationale for explaining self-defeating behavior.

• focuses on insight.

• emphasizes freedom, choice, and deciding.

All of the following are a part of the Gestalt therapy system except:

• unfinished business.

• striving for superiority.

• energy and blocks to energy.

• avoidance.

Identify the word or phrase in the following series of five that does not fit with the other four items:

• life stages

• developmental crises

• psychosocial stages

• stress inoculation training

• critical tasks

Identify the word or phrase in the following series of five that does not fit with the other four items:

• fictional finalism

• basic mistakes

• A-B-C theory

• social interest

• style of life

When considering using psychoanalytic approaches for working with diverse populations, the counselor should pay close attention to which of the following factors?

• Attend to the client's attitude toward introspection, rationality, and psychological analysis

• Incorporate the client's unique interpersonal context into the counseling process

• Adapt conceptualization and interventions to client needs and realities

• All of the above

When a brief psychodynamic counselor uses an opportunity in session to clarify with clients and work through old childhood traumas and relational patterns that may show up in the counseling relationship, this is referred to as:

• Cultural assessment

• Client-counseling encounter

• Corrective emotional experience

• Countertransference

Jung believed in the idea of a collective unconscious. This was __________ the conscious and unconscious mind described by Freud.

• In lieu of

• In addition to

• Superior to

• Inferior to

Empathy is required of all good counselors. Which option below is the best definition of empathy?

• The feeling of pity or sorrow for someone else

• The ability to grasp another's internal reality

• The willingness to forgive somebody

• The ability to feel regret

Which of the following is an accurate definition of countertransference?

• When a counselor projects back onto a client in a way that negates therapeutic neutrality

• When a counselor keeps their emotional reactions toward the client out of counseling

• When a counselor has insight into their unconscious reactions to their clients

• When a counselor shares an undesirable feeling about a client with the client

Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches in counseling are considered depth psychologies, because they explore __________.

• Current relationships

• The blank slate

• The unconscious mind

• The here and now

Freud's drive theory is comprised of the idea that the human psyche is fueled by the energy of instinctual drive. The energy of the system is known as:

• Sexuality

• Libido

• Object Relations

• Superego

An analyst views symptoms presented by the client as expressions of__________ and also considers the primary and secondary gains of the symptom for the client.

• Psychotic conflict

• Interpersonal gains

• Intrapsychic conflict

• Natural consequences

One of the major differences between Erikson's psychosocial stages of development and Freud's psychosexual stages of development would be:

• Erickson's psychosocial stages of development extend across the lifespan

• Freud's psychosexual stages of development extend across the lifespan

• Erickson's psychosocial stages of development are completed in childhood

• Freud's psychosexual stages of development are completed in adulthood

Both Freud and Jung used dream analysis as a hallmark technique in their work with clients. Which of the following statements below does NOT accurately reflect Jung's view of dreams and dream analysis?

• Dreams reveal unconscious material

• Dreams serve to deal with suppressed aggressive impulses

• Dreams are the unconscious expressing itself

• Dreams must be interpreted using the dreamer's unique meanings

The counseling process in psychoanalysis is an intensive approach designed to create significant and sustainable personality change. Which of the following characteristics DO NOT apply to the process?

• Analysts meet with patients 3 to 5 days per week

• Analysts target very specific symptoms or problems

• Analysis-insight-working through-process repeats at deeper levels

• Analysis is an expensive endeavor for patients

An individual who is able to spontaneously express need and desire while maintaining a clear distinction between self and other is believed to be the product of:

• Distant mothering

• Chaotic mothering

• Good enough mothering

• Perfectionist mothering

In general, current psychodynamic counseling involves three generic phases. Which of the following is correct?

• Listening, Interpretation, and Working Through

• Listening, Facilitation, and Advising

• Assessment, Facilitation, Working Through

• Assessment, Interpretation, Understanding

Freud's three levels of consciousness include: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. Freud focused his work in which area of the consciousness?

• Conscious

• Preconscious

• Unconscious

• Postconscious

Archetypes can be defined as:

• Unconscious universal patterns that can be traced across cultures and influence how people think, feel, and behave

• Unorganized part of the personality that is motivated by instinctual drives

• A part of a person's conscious mind that involves intellect, cognition, defense mechanisms, and other executive functions

• Holds memories, thoughts, and desires that the conscious mind cannot tolerate and is the source of innate drives

In Freudian and ego psychology, analysts typically maintain a neutral relation to clients to provide a "blank slate" upon which clients can project unconscious material. This neutral stance also provides what?

• The client connection to their frustration, in order to get at deeper feelings

• The analyst the opportunity to examine their countertransference on the client

• The analyst to allow for transference, by carefully observing the client's process

• The client the opportunity to discuss topics not related to the presenting problem

Freudian analysts conceptualize client problems by examining how the __________ manages ongoing conflicts between the __________'s drives and the __________'s prohibitions.

• Superego/Id/Ego

• Id/Ego/Superego

• Ego/Id/Superego

• Ego/Superego/Id

Transference can best be defined by which statement below?

• The counselor ascribing a personal thought, feeling, or impulse to the client

• The client projecting attributes from unresolved issues with primary caregivers to the counselor

• The counselor identifying with the experiences and feelings of the client

• The client's confusion of past experiences with the present reality

Object relations theorists are most concerned with how an infant internalizes relationships in the first three years of life and the impact of those relationships on adult personality development. Relationships with whom become the templates for all future relationships?

• Caregivers

• Siblings

• Daycare Providers

• Playmates

To be clear, Freudian psychoanalysis is considered the root of all psychodynamic approaches. This type of treatment approach is characterized by all of the following concepts EXCEPT:

• Analyst warmth

• A couch

• Long term

• Multiple weekly sessions

Adler's approach to counseling has been characterized as:

• A feminist-multicultural approach

• A humanistic-cognitive-behavioral approach

• A postmodern-family systemic approach

• An analytic-behavioral-cognitive approach

Adler suggested that people's futures are not defined by their pasts, but rather that people have __________ in how they approach their lives.

• Power

• Choice

• Difficulty

• Clues

Which of the following IS NOT a general guideline for Adlerian counselors offering interpretation of the purpose of a client's symptoms:

• The interpretation should avoid globally labeling the person

• The overall tone of the interpretation process should be encouraging

• The interpretation should be offered as an unquestionable truth

• The interpretation should focus on the goal or purpose of a behavior

Which of the statements below is TRUE regarding the usefulness of the Adlerian approach with diverse populations?

• The emphasis on social interest is particularly appropriate for cultures that value family and community over individuality.

• The emphasis on spirituality is consistent with values in many traditional cultures and ethnic groups.

• The emphasis on childhood experiences and memories may not seem relevant to people who do not share the dominant Western assumption that these events shape a person's personality.

• All of the above

"To see with the eyes of another, to hear with the ears of another, to feel with the heart of another" describes what characteristic of Adlerian counselors?

• Encouragement

• Directive

• Egalitarian

• Empathy

The idea that humans are innately social creatures relates to Adler's notion of social interest or community feeling which can be defined as which of the following?

• A person subjectively experiencing a sense that he/she has something in common with other people, is a part of a community, and benefits from cooperating with others in the community.

• A person's striving toward meaningful activity, success, and achievement with purposeful and goal-oriented behavior.

• A person striving for superiority and betterment of self by developing a characteristic set of attitudes and assumptions that help a person make sense of life.

• None of the above

Once psychoeducational material has been delivered by the Adlerian counselor and understood by the client, the next part of the counseling session should focus on task setting. This involves:

• Planning what the counselor and client will work on in the next session of therapy

• Finding a way for the client to implement the idea in his/her life outside of session to solve a current problem

• Asking the client to think of all the ways the information has applied the client's life in the past

• Providing the client with more psychoeducation

In an egalitarian counseling relationship between the counselor and the client, the client will:

• See the counselor as the expert on the client's life

• See the counselor as completely neutral in the therapeutic process

• Maintain a sense of agency and choice in the therapeutic process

• Maintain a sense of indifference between him or her self and the counselor

In the Adlerian approach, the long-term goal of wellness refers to:

• Life, love, and the pursuit of happiness

• Physical, emotional, and social wellbeing

• The American Dream

• Not being ill

Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP) is a promising evidence-based parenting program based on Adlerian principles that uses __________, __________, and __________to improve child behaviors and parent-child relations.

• Natural consequences, encouragement, and appreciation

• Encouragement, motivation, and reframing

• Encouragement, appreciation, and motivation

• Challenging, encouragement, and appreciation

A great way for Adlerian counselors to assess the underlying purpose or role that symptoms may have for the client is:

• Using The Question

• Dream Analysis

• Assessing basic mistakes

• Exploring early recollections

If an Adlerian counselor made the statement "The upside of worrying is that you tend to be good with details," she would be doing what to encourage clients?

• Lying

• Embellishing

• Reframing

• Challenging

Adler used early childhood recollections as a means for understanding a person's style of life. Which of the following questions is most appropriate for assessing earliest recollections?

• Can you describe the role of each child in the family?

• Did you have favorite strategies for getting your way?

• When you think back over your childhood, what are your earliest memories?

• Describe your relationship to your parents as a child?

Adlerian counseling involves four stages. During the first phase of counseling, the focus is what?

• Counselors making a positive, warm connection with their clients

• Counselors assessing clients' style of life and private logic

• Counselors helping clients to gain better self-understanding

• Counselors challenging clients to take action and change their lives.

Adler's Individual Psychology departed from his colleagues Freud and Jung on numerous issues. In one issue, Adler posited that a person must be seen __________, as a unified personality or "individual."

• Holistically

• Socially

• Subjectively

• Realistically

An Adlerian counselor is going to assess a client's life style. Which of the following statements best describes the life style, style of life or style of living?

• How a person characteristically responds to others and the environment

• A person's fundamental beliefs about what is valuable in life, what is ideal, and what is to be avoided

• The self, personality, unity of the personality, individuality, method of facing problems, opinion of self, view of life problems, and general attitude towards life

• All of the Above

In the late phase, clients work toward developing habits of living that promote wellness and social interest in all six areas of functioning. What are the six area of functioning?

• work, friendship, love, self acceptance, wholeness, and parenting

• work, friendship, love, self reliance, spirituality, and parenting

• achievement, friendship, love, self acceptance, spirituality, and parenting

• work, friendship, love, self acceptance, spirituality, and parenting

Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about the process of promoting insight in Adlerian work?

• Adlerians collaboratively work with their clients to find meaningful interpretations of client motivations.

• Adlerians rely on the counselor's objective perspective to determine the correct interpretation.

• Adlerians use insight as an impetus to take action and make changes.

• Adlerians offer possible interpretations of behavior by underlying motivations for problems.

Each of the following are tips for effectively providing psychoeducation to clients EXCEPT:

• Practice explaining concepts to your family and friends

• Ask clients if they are open to learning about a certain concept

• Keep going with the psychoeducational information until the client gets it

• Only try to teach one concept, point, or skill in a session

The Adlerian approach is characterized by its deliberate efforts to encourage the client. Which of the following statements most accurately describes encouragement in the Adlerian counseling context?

• Verbally saying, "This is something I believe you can do."

• A warm, "I-feel-your-pain" sentiment from the counselor

• Using counselor self-disclosure to help clients develop hope

• Expressing unconditional positive regard toward the client

When a client is describing an intense emotional experience and reports feeling very angry but smiles while telling the story, a person-centered counselor might use which intervention to address discrepancies in the client’s presentation?

• Reflecting

• Clarifying

• Immediacy

• Confrontation

When a person-centered counselor focuses on the process in counseling, this means what?

• The counselor focuses on how the client interacts with self and others

• The counselor consistently redirects clients to negative thoughts and feelings

• The counselor pays close attention to the stories clients tell

• The counselor boldly confronts client inconsistencies

When a counselor asks, “Can you say more about what you mean by feeling angry?” This is an example of what type of question?

• Clarifying

• Listening

• Reflecting

• Summarizing

Phenomenology is the study of the internal, subjective world. What person-centered intervention is most important for attending this internal world of clients?

• Clarifying

• Summarizing

• Reflecting

• Listening

Which of the following is the overarching goal in person-centered counseling?

• Personality change

• Self actualization

• Individuation

• Congruence

In person-centered counseling the focus of the approach is on?

• How things happen

• Symptoms

• Problems

• What happens

Person-centered counselors view what as the primary vehicle for change?

• The counselor’s interpretations

• The counseling relationship

• The counselor’s interventions

• A brand new sports car

What is the fundamental instrument of change in person-centered counseling?

• Analysis of dreams

• The client

• The counselor

• Focused Attending

Humanistic counseling approaches are grounded in a type of philosophy that examines a person’s subjective inner reality. This is known as what?

• Phenomenological philosophy

• Grounded philosophy

• Confrontational philosophy

• Postmodern philosophy

The research and evidence base related to the existential approach for counseling indicate the most important quality in counseling is what?

• The counseling relationship

• The theoretical orientation

• The interventions

• The instillation of hope

Existentialists maintain that a person's __________ plays a significant role in their presenting problem/psychopathology.

• Fear of death

• Self consciousness

• Responsibility

• Self awareness

Which of the following characteristics best describes the stance of existential counselors?

• Cruel and uncaring

• Reassuring and supportive

• Promoting responsibility and independence

• Stating: "I'm right there with you."

Existential counseling and person-centered counseling work toward what common, over-arching goal?

• Curing mental illness

• Dealing with crises in identity

• Helping people live more authentic and self-actualized lives

• Fostering healthy relationships with others

Many existentialists believe that life is inherently __________. Existential counselors work with clients to help clients find life __________.

• Meaningless/Meaning

• Fulfilling/Fulfillment

• Predetermined/Determination

• Purposeful/Purpose

Existential counselors rely most heavily on which of the following to promote change for their clients?

• A special agent

• The counseling relationship

• The counselor's interventions

• The counselor's interpretation

Systematic desensitization, a form of __________, is a technique frequently used with anxieties and phobias in which a client begins with a low intensity image and increasingly works toward direct contact with the stressful stimulus.

• Classical conditioning

• Operant conditioning

• Reinforcement and punishment

• Token economics

Unlike cognitive-behavioral theory, where how a person thinks about something is directly related to the cause of psychological problems, Glasser posits that the _________ people make determine the quality of their lives.

• Reactions

• Choices

• Impact

• Changes

Reality theory behavioral analysis involves the __________ system.

• WDEP

• REBT

• BASIC-ID

• MBSR

When using the DEF intervention of Ellis' A-B-C theory, cognitive-behavioral counselors specifically target __________ beliefs, which tend to be more emotionally charged and cause more problems for clients.

• "hot"

• "warm"

• "cool"

• "cold"

Which of the statements below is CORRECT in describing the way empathy is used in cognitive-behavioral counseling?

• To create rapport with clients so the counselor can intervene to change the client's behaviors, thoughts and emotions.

• To help the client be open to non-defensively hearing the therapist's interpretation of unconscious dynamics.

• To encourage clients to identify, experience, and critically reflect upon their emotional inner experiences.

• To empower clients to transfer learning in session to address areas of concern in their everyday lives.

According to Beck, depressed thinking is characterized by thoughts such as: "I'm worthless;" "life is unfair;" and "things will never get better." These thoughts are referred to as what?

• BASIC-ID

• Irrational Beliefs

• Negative Cognitive Triad

• Functional analysis

According to a cognitive-behavioral counselor, what fuels feelings such as depression or anxiety?

• Personality

• Culture

• Beliefs

• Experience

When a cognitive-behavioral counselor asks a client to log the frequency, duration, and severity of specific symptoms, the counselor is looking for what?

• Problem behaviors

• Baseline functioning

• Precursory functioning

• Natural consequences

In cognitive behavioral-counseling, the clients' beliefs can be slowly eroded over time by the therapist inviting the client to question and re-question the validity of their beliefs in various situations. This process is known as what?

• Psychoeducation

• Socratic method

• Empty Chair Technique

• Thought Recording

Considered the third wave of behavioral approaches, Mindfulness practices emphasize what to promote change?

• Observation of the mind and acceptance of thoughts and feelings

• How people choose everything they do

• Confrontation to dispute irrational beliefs

• Modifying dysfunctional thinking and beliefs

he foundation for dysfunctional thinking, __________ are the root of psychopathology according to Beck.

• Automatic thoughts

• Core beliefs

• Intermediate beliefs

• Dysfunctional schemas

Unlike psychodynamic or humanistic goals that target personality change, cognitive behavioral counseling is focused on individuals becoming:

• Independent problem solvers

• Able to change the structure of their psyche

• Better in relationships with others

• More authentic in how they live their lives

Each of the following statements: "I can develop a plan to do deal with the stress" and "One step at a time; I can handle this," is an example of what?

• Positive self talk

• Socratic Questioning

• Guided discovery

• Classical conditioning

Stress inoculation training helps clients to change their __________ and increase coping skills.

• Faulty cognitions

• Distorted thinking

• Negative self talk

• None of the above

It can be said that the overarching goal of cognitive-behavioral counseling is what?

• Personality Change

• Freeing the Unconscious

• Symptom management

• Improving relationships

Which of the following statements is true regarding cognitive-behavioral counseling and DSM diagnosis?

• Cognitive-behavioral counselors have long challenged the practice of DSM diagnosis as an oppressive practice.

• Cognitive-behavioral counselors do not use DSM classifications for the treatment of their clients

• Cognitive-behavioral counselors explain the diagnosis so that the client fully understands the process and how it will help.

• Cognitive-behavioral counselors organize treatment using DSM diagnosis.

Which of the statements below is TRUE regarding the essence of all cognitive approaches?

• Our thoughts about a situation-not the situation itself-are the source of emotional and behavioral problems

• Our feelings about a situation-not the situation itself-are the source of emotional and behavioral problems

• Our responses to a situation-not the situation itself-are the source of emotional and behavioral problems

• Our comments about a situation-not the situation itself-are the source of emotional and behavioral problems

Schemas, according to Beck, are what?

• Cognitive frameworks in the mind, organizing and shaping thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

• Beliefs are about ourselves

• Extreme or absolute rules that are more general and shape automatic thoughts

• "Knee-jerk" reactions to distressing situations that run through a person's mind

Behavioral, cognitive, and cognitive-behavioral approaches are a group of related counseling methods that emphasize achieving changes in behaviors, cognition, and __________.

• Action

• Affect

• Attitude

• Approach

Each of the following: selective abstraction, overgeneralization, and dichotomous thinking, are examples of what in cognitive-behavioral counseling?

• Cognitive distortions

• Schemas

• Core beliefs

• Irrational beliefs

When a client comes into counseling and does not have a complaint, but others generally have a complaint about the client, this type of counseling relationship is referred to as what?

• Visitor-Type Relationship

• Complainant-Type Relationship

• Customer-Type Relationship

• None of the above

Solution-based counseling usually involves clients leaving the first session with what?

• Their problem resolved

• The cause of their problem

• Action steps toward solutions

• Answers to their problems

The idea that solution-based counselors make no assumptions about a client's unique experiences and understandings of their problems is referred to as what?

• Channeling language

• Echoing Client's Key Words

• Beginner's Mind

• Optimism and Hope

Assessing client strengths can be achieved by what?

• Directly asking about strengths, hobbies, and areas of life that are going well

• Listening carefully for exceptions to problems

• Identifying potential areas in which the "weakness" is a strength

• All of the above

Which of the following statements is NOT an appropriate example of compliments used by solution-based counselors?

• You really are a great mom.

• You not only followed through on the chart idea we developed last week but you came up with your own additional strategies.

• You made real progress toward your goal this week.

• You have worked really hard this week to talk with your son on the phone.

Each of the following questions-"Are there any times when the problem is less likely to occur or be less severe?" "Can you think of a time when you expected the problem to occur but it didn't?" "Are there places or times when the problem is not as bad?"-are examples of what type of question?

• Pre-suppositional questions

• Coping questions

• Scaling questions

• Exception questions

The difference between the following two statements: "you aren't feeling understood" versus "you were not feeling understood by your boyfriend last Saturday," is an example of what?

• Channeling language

• Echoing Client's Key Words

• Beginner's Mind

• Optimism and Hope

Solution-focused school counseling is based on which one of the five assumptions?

• Big problems require big solutions.

• Clients need resources to make changes.

• If it works, do more of it.

• Cooperative relationships are necessary for solutions.

In solution-based approaches, the counselor collaborates with the client to envision __________ for the problem.

• Alternatives

• Solutions

• Strategies

• Explanations

"If 0 is where you were when you decided to seek help and 10 is where you would be if the problem you came here for was resolved, where are you today?" is an example of what type of intervention?

• Pre-suppositional questions

• Coping questions

• The Miracle question

• Scaling questions

Utilizing the previous case example, how might a solution-based counselor assess the client's description of solutions and motivate the client to change?

• Use the miracle question

• Identify exceptions

• Use scaling questions

• All of the above

In solution-based counseling, __________ are viewed as intimately connected with a client's context, but are not considered curative.

• Solutions

• Strengths

• Emotions

• Problems

Why is solution-based counseling appropriate for working with diverse populations?

• It focuses on identifying client's strengths

• It uses a theory of health to predefine client goals

• It uses an established set of values and meaning systems

• None of the above

In the beginning of counseling, goals should focus on what?

• One small change

• Broad changes

• Daily change

• Counselor prescription

Solution-based counselors believe that __________ is inevitable and always possible.

• Happiness

• Change

• Satisfaction

• Hope

When a client identifies a problem to be worked on in counseling, but generally expects the counselor to be the primary source of change, this type of counseling relationship is referred to as what?

• Complainant-Type Relationship

• Visitor-Type Relationship

• Customer-Type Relationship

• None of the above

The following statement: "Over the next week, I want you to generate a list of the things in your life and relationships that you do not want to have changed by therapy. Notice small things as well as big things that are working right now," is an example of what type of intervention?

• The miracle question

• Assuming Future Solution

• Scaling Question

• Formula first session task

Solution-focused counseling in schools focused on anger management, study skills, divorce, etc., can be addressed successfully using what type of counseling arrangement?

• Individual sessions

• Group Sessions

• Family sessions

• Both A and B

The role of the counselor in narrative counseling is often described as what?

• Co-author

• Expert

• Coach

• Diagnostician

The process of solution-based counseling is described as __________ rather than __________, highlighting that the problem is not necessarily related to the solution.

• Solution building/Problem solving

• Problem focused/ Solution focused

• Collaborative/Individual

• Individual/collaborative

A story or subplot in which the problem-saturated story does not play out in its typical way, with no dramatic ending or particularly notable outcome, is referred to as what?

• Unique outcome

• Problem narrative

• Happy ending

• Dull story

In narrative counseling, the counselor helps clients create more balanced descriptions of the events of their lives to enable clients to build more accurate and appreciative descriptions of themselves and others. This process is referred to as:

• Thickening Descriptions

• Enacting Preferred Narratives

• Meeting the Person

• Separating Persons from Problems

According to Michael White, problems do not exist separate from their socio-cultural context, which means narrative counselors integrate societal and cultural issues into the core conceptualization of how problems form and are resolved. This is referred to as what?

• Dominant discourses

• Dominant hand

• Dominant choice

• Dominant group

In narrative counseling, separating people from their problems to create space for new identities and life stories to emerge is referred to as what?

• Externalizing

• Listening

• Enacting

• Solidifying

Similarly to solution-based counselors, narrative and collaborative counselors focus on the client's what?

• Independence

• Strengths

• Power

• Problems

All of the following EXCEPT which one are examples of interventions used to develop and solidify preferred narratives and identities for clients?

• Letters

• Leagues

• Reflecting teams

• All of the above

Collaborative approaches in counseling are considered ideal for working with diverse populations for which of the following reasons?

• They have international roots and are practiced in numerous countries around the world

• They place societal issues of oppression at the heart of counseling interventions

• They do not have pre-established theories of health

• All of the above

In a session with her 13-year-old teenage client Dani, a collaborative counselor, Rosealee, decided to share her concerns about her client planning to sneak out for a high school dance she had been invited to over the weekend. Rosealee invited Dani to explore the counselor's concerns, as well as how Dani might manage the risks she might face going out unsupervised with several older teenagers. This intervention is an example of what?

• Conversational Questions: Understanding from within the Dialogue

• "Appropriately Unusual" Comments

• Being Public with Significant Differences in Values and Goals

• Accessing Multiple Voices in Writing

Similar to feminists, collaborative counselors maintain that the process of counseling is inescapably __________, and the counselor will likely be changed themselves because the same dialogical process that allows clients to change creates a context in which the counselor will also be changed.

• Exclusive

• Interactive

• Mutual

• Dependent

Which of the following statements regarding narrative counseling approaches is most accurate?

• The problem is separate from the person

• People cause their problems.

• Problems are intrinsic in the person

• People become their problems

The not-knowing in collaborative counseling refers to how counselors think about what they (think they) know and the intent with which they introduce this knowing (expertise, truths, etc.) to the client. This is an attempt to avoid what?

• Assuming

• Expertise

• Power

• Control

The concept of "__________" helps focus the counselor's attention on sincerely valuing the clients' thoughts, ideas, and opinions about their lives.

• Client as expert

• Client as helpless

• Client as hopeful

• Client as curious

Goals in narrative counseling focus on clients enacting preferred narratives, which involves increasing clients' sense of __________, the sense that they influence in the direction of their lives.

• Agency

• Happiness

• Independence

• Responsibility

In collaborative counseling, problems are not solved but rather__________; the participants' understandings evolve through dialogue, allowing for new thoughts, feelings, and actions.

• Dissolve

• Disappear

• Diminish

• Die

Asking questions such as "What do you do for fun?" "What do you like about living here?" and "Tell me about your friends and family," allows the narrative counselor to do what?

• Meet the person for a good time

• Find a new place to live

• Meet the person apart from their problem

• Schedule meaningful family time

According to narrative counselors, the following statement: "A 'happy' and 'good' person should get married, get a stable, high-paying job, have kids, get a nice car, buy a house, volunteer at his/her child's school, and build a white-picket fence," is an example of what?

• A unique outcome

• a dominant discourse

• A problem-saturated story

• An alternative discourse

In the broadest sense, the goal of Narrative Counseling is to help clients enact their preferred realities and identities. Which of the following is an example of a goal meeting these criteria?

• Solidify a sense of personal identity that derives self worth from meaningful activities, relationship, and values rather than body size.

• Increase sense of responsibility for own problems and their resolution.

• Increase ability to identify and separate own feelings from that of others and ability to act on these feelings.

• Increase ability to set realistic expectations for self and other to increase acceptance.

"Would it be okay if I ask you some questions about your sex life?" is an example of what type of question?

• Permission

• Externalizing

• Scaffolding

• Influence

Couples who choose not to have children, same-sex relationships, and immigrant families wanting to preserve their roots are all examples of what?

• Unique outcomes

• Dominant discourses

• Alternative discourses

• Problem-saturated stories

Who is the coolest member of the cohort??

• Shelly

• Dr. Greene

• Trey Bae Bae

• White Privilege

How many Freudian Psychologists does it take to screw in a light bulb?