NMS Semester 2 Set 1 Quiz - The brain, hearing, taste and olfaction.

Pregunta 1 de 41

1

What is a function of the frontal lobe?

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Personality
Visual processing
Sensory analysis
Memory

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 41

1

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

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Personality
Visual processing
Memory
Sensory analysis

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 41

1

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

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Personality
Memory
Visual processing
Sensory analysis

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 41

1

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

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Sensory analysis
Memory
Visual processing
Personality

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 41

1

What is the function of the pyramidal decussation?

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It supplies motor fibres to the rest of the body
It connects the cerebellum to the rest of the CNS
It is part of the ventricular system that produces CSF

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 41

1

The cerebellar penduncles are the linkage between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS

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Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 41

1

What structures are supplied by the anterior cerebral artery?

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Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 41

1

What structures are supplied by the middle cerebral artery?

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Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 41

1

What structures are supplied by the posterior cerebral artery?

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Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 41

1

99.9% of sound would be lost without the middle ear ossicles that convert air to fluid energy.

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Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 41

1

Three tiny muscles attach to the middle ear ossicles to dampen the sound produced by your own body.

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FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 41

1

The high surface area of the tympanic membrane gives it high sensitivity so small sounds can be detected.

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Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 41

1

What is the correct process in which sound is perceived?

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Conduction of soundwave from oval window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes depolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon depolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.
Conduction of soundwave from oval window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes repolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon repolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.
Conduction of soundwave from oral window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes depolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon depolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 41

1

Which area of the cochlea/basilar membrane are receptive to high and low frequency sounds?

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Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 41

1

Why are lower frequency sounds detected further along the length of the cochlea?

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The basilar membrane is narrow and stiff at the base and wide and floppy at the apex and therefore low energy sounds wobble the apex which is picked up by the brain as a low frequency sound.
The basilar membrane is wide and floppy at the base and narrow and stiff at the apex and therefore high energy sounds such as those that are low frequency wobble the apex which is picked up by the brain as a low frequency sound.
Low frequency sounds have higher energy and travel further along the basilar membrane. This causes deflection of the stereocilia further along the length of the cochlea and therefore detection of low frequency sounds.

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 41

1

Are inner hair cells myelinated or unmyelinated? What is the benefit of this?

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Myelinated
Unmyelinated
Conduction to the brain is faster
Conduction to the brain is slowed and has enough time to process the information

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 41

1

What is the route of transmission of hearing to the brain?

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Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> Auditory cortex
Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> Visual cortex
Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> lateral geniculate nucleus -> Auditory cortex

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 41

1

How can the brain cause descending influence to dampen hearing?

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Attenuation reflex (two tiny muscles)
Alter sensitivity of outer hair cells
Thicken the tympanic membrane
Contract the cochlear to reduce basilar membrane wobble

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 41

1

What is conductive deafness?

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Problem with the ossicles of the middle ear
Damaged hair cells that cannot perceive sound anymore
A problem with higher brain centres like the auditory cortex

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 41

1

What is sensorineural deafness?

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Problem with the ossicles of the middle ear
Damage to the hair cells
A problem with higher brain centres like the auditory cortex

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 41

1

What is central deafness?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Problems with the ossicles in the middle ear
Damage to the hair cells
Problems with higher brain centres such as the auditory cortex

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 41

1

A cochleal implant effectively emulates the basilar membrane. Low frequency sounds travel further along the implant wiring and high frequency sounds travel a shorter distance and this input can be directly linked to the auditory nerve to stimulate it.

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Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 41

1

Taste cells are sensory neurons.

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Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 41

1

Salt is detected via gated Na+ channels.

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Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 41

1

Upon activation, sour detectors (PKD2L1 and PKD1L3) are depolarised and cause Ca2+ entry etc.

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Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 41

1

What tastes are detected by the activation of G-protein coupled receptors?

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Salt
Sour
Umami
Bitter
Sweet

Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 41

1

What is the mechanism by which sweet, umami and bitter tastes are detected?

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Receptor activated -> associated heterotrimeric complex alpha sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
Receptor activated -> associated heterotrimeric complex beta sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
Receptor activated -> associated heterodimeric complex alpha sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
Receptor activated -> associated heterodimeric complex beta sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP

Explicación

Pregunta 28 de 41

1

Which taste receptor is constant for sweet and umami (NOT PRESENT IN BITTER!)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

T1R3
T2R
T1R1
T1R2

Explicación

Pregunta 29 de 41

1

Which taste receptor is variable for sweet?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

T1R2
T2R
T1R1
T1R3

Explicación

Pregunta 30 de 41

1

Which taste receptor is variable for umami?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

T1R1
T1R2
T2R
T1R3

Explicación

Pregunta 31 de 41

1

Which taste receptor is variable for bitter?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

T2R
T1R3
T1R2
T1R1

Explicación

Pregunta 32 de 41

1

Each taste cell can detect multiple types of taste.

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Explicación

Pregunta 33 de 41

1

Where does taste information go to in the CNS?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Primary gustatory cortex
Pre-frontal gustatory cortex
Frontal cortex
Hippocampus

Explicación

Pregunta 34 de 41

1

Olfaction is more sensitive than taste.

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VERDADERO
FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 35 de 41

1

What is the mechanism of olfaction?

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Odorant binds -> alpha subunit of heterotrimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
Odorant binds -> beta subunit of heterotrimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
Odorant binds -> alpha subunit of heterodimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
Odorant binds -> beta subunit of heterodimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.

Explicación

Pregunta 36 de 41

1

Olfactory cells can only be stimulated by one type of odorant each.

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Explicación

Pregunta 37 de 41

1

Olfactory cells of the same type converge into a common glomerulus where signals are then carried via the olfactory tract to the brain.

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Explicación

Pregunta 38 de 41

1

Olfactory cells are neurones

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FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 39 de 41

1

What three areas of the brain detect smell?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Pre-frontal cortex
Orbitofrontal cortex
Olfactory cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Explicación

Pregunta 40 de 41

1

Detection of specific odorants requires specific coordination of neurons in the brain which produces smell profiles.

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Explicación

Pregunta 41 de 41

1

The brain never considers taste and smell when trying to fine tune the two senses.

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VERDADERO
FALSO

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