IMMUNITY

Name some parts of the body in which lymphocytes (white blood cells are found)

What is the difference between specific and non specific defence mechanisms?

Give the two types of non specific mechanism

What are the physical barriers?

How are phagocytes attracted towards the pathogen in phagocytosis?

What happens after the pathogen is attached to the phagocyte?

What is the name of the vesicle in which the pathogen is engulfed in?

Which structures inside the phagocyte bind to the phagosome and release their contents?

What is in the contents of the lysosomes and what do they do?

What happens to the soluble products from the breakdown of the pathogen?

Phagocytosis causes ___________ at the site of infection

The release of which chemical results in inflammation?

What does histamine cause the blood vessels to do?

What does this speed up?

What are the two specific defence mechanisms?

Which of the two involves T lymphocytes?

Which lymphocytes are involved in humoral immunity?

Which mechanism is immunity involving antibodies present in the bodily fluids?

Cell mediated response using T lymphocytes involves which kind of cell?

What do T cells respond to?

How can T cells distinguish between invader cells and normal cells?

What name is given to these types of cell?

What helper T cells do to the antigens on the surface of the phagocyte?

What does this activate?

What are the 4 things the cloned cells can do?

Which part of the T helper cells fit on to the antigen?

What do killer T cells produce and how does it kill infected cells?

Which type of pathogen are T cells especially effective against and why?

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

What is 'humor' another word for?

What do B cells produce?

What happens when a specific antibody attaches to an antigen in the blood?

This forms clones. What do these clones all produce?

In practice, what do most pathogens have on their surfaces?

What do these all act as?

What other substances act as antigens?

Give an example of a pathogen that releases a toxin

What does mean regarding B cells?

What are the two types of cell the clones can develop in to?

Which out of the two secrete antibodies directly?

How long to plasma cells survive?

Around how many antibodies can plasma cells produce every second?

What do antibodies do?

Which stage of immune response are plasma cells therefore responsible for?

How long to memory cells live for?

Memory cells circulate in the _______ and ______ _______

What happens when memory cells encounter the same pathogen at a later date?

What do the plasma cells do?

What do the memory cells do?

Which stage of the immune response are memory cells responsible for and why?

Why do people get flu more than once?

What name is given to this?

Why does the body treat every infection like a new one in terms of the influenza virus?

Why do we feel the symptoms of the flu each time we get it?

What molecules are antibodies made up of?

Why does this allow for a vast variety of antibodies?

How many polypeptide chains are antibodies made of?

What are the two names given to the pairs of chains?

When the antibody fits onto the antigen, what name is given to this structure?

Why is the binding site called the 'variable region'?

What name is given to the rest of the antibody that is the same for each one?

Many pathogens have many different antigens on its surface. What will this induce when it enters the body?

Collectively, what are the antibodies that these B cells known as?

What is the same given to the antibodies that are isolated and cloned so there is just one type?

How can monoclonal antibodies be used in cancer treatment?

Why does this cause little, if any damage to other cells?

Monoclonal antibodies can 'knock out' specific T cells - what is this useful for and why?

Monoclonal antibodies can also be used to separate a chemical from a mixture and in immunoassay. What is immunoassay?

What is immunoassay used in?

What were the 2 main struggles with trying to produce monoclonal antibodies?

When producing monoclonal antibodies, which animal is exposed to the non self material?

What do the B cells in the mouse then do?

What type of cells are the B cells of the mouse mixed with to enable them to divide outside the body?

Why is this?

Why is detergent added to the mixture of B cells and cancer cells?

How are clones of each B cell made from this?

What is each clone tested to see?

What is done to the clones producing the required antibody?

Why are they called 'monoclonal' antibodies?

What is the name given to the process in which the antibodies are modified so that they work in a human?

Why is this necessary?

Why is the use of mice in producing monoclonal antibodies an ethical issue?

Genetic engineering is often brought up in debate when discussing the production of monoclonal antibodies. Why is this?

What diseases have monoclonal antibodies been successful in treating?

However there have been deaths associated with the use of monoclonal antibodies when treating ________

What is active immunity?

What is passive immunity?

What are 4 features of a successful vaccination programme?

A vaccination might not eliminate a disease. Why is this? (5)

It is difficult to control cholera by vaccination. Cholera is an intestinal disease. Why does this make it difficult?

What are two other factors that make cholera hard to control by vaccination?

Tuberculosis is another disease that is difficult to control by vaccination. There are 4 reasons why. What are these reasons?