I had to get creative with the editing of the photo.
What phase of an action potential is indicated by the kaboom image?
Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization
Local Potential
Resting Membrane Potential
What phase of an action potential is indicated by the cloud icon?
What phase of an action potential is indicated by the poof icon?
What phase of an action potential is indicated by the crying emoji?
What phase of an action potential is indicated by the sleeping emoji?
What is happening in the action potential at number 1?
Na+ arriving at trigger zone depolarizes the membrane.
At threshold, voltage-regulated ion gates open, neuron "fires
Self-accelerating Na+ inflow rapidly depolarizes membrane.
Na+ gates begin closing at 0 mv; membrane reaches +35 mV by the time all are closed and Na+ inflow ceases.
Slow K+ gates have been opening since step 2; K+ outflow now repolarizes cell.
Excess K+ outflow produces slight overshoot
Ion diffusion and K+ removal by astrocytes restore RMP
What is happening in the action potential at number 2?
What is happening in the action potential at number 3?
What is happening in the action potential at number 4?
What is happening in the action potential at number 5?
What is happening in the action potential at number 6?
What is happening in the action potential at number 7?
How does myelin speed up signals?
by wrapping tightly around an axon, sealing the nerve fiber and increasing resistance to leakage of Na+
by creating a greater separation between ICF and ECF, allowing Na+ ions to move more freely
by wrapping tightly around an axon, sealing the nerve fiber and increasing resistance to leakage of Mg+
by creating a greater separation between ICF and ECF, allowing Mg+ ions to move more freely
Which is not a type of neuroglia of the CNS?
oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells
microglia
astrocytes
satellite cells
What are bipolar neurons?
Neurons that contain both an axon and a dendrite.
Unbranched neurons
Neurons that cause irregular transmission of signals.
Neurons that change between fast and slow transmissions.
What are functions of glial cells?
protect neurons and help them function
bind neurons together
provide supportive framework for neural tissue
control release of neurotransmitters
Satellite cells provide insulation around the body of neurons.
Synaptic knobs secrete neurotransmitters.
What two organ systems are dedicated to maintaining internal coordination?
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Immune system
Which is not included in the structure of a neuron?
soma
axon
terminal arborization
synaptic knob
axosizomites
axon hillock
dendrites
neurofibrils
Which 2 types of ligaments arise from the pia mater?
coccygeal ligament
denticulate ligament
arachnoid ligament
plica ligament
Which is not one of the meninges?
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
glia mater
Select all of the nerve plexuses in the body.
cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus
coccygeal plexus
dorsal plexus
sciatic plexus
A dermatome myotome epitome sensoratome( dermatome, myotome, epitome, sensoratome ) a specific area of the skin that sends sensory signals to each spinal nerve
The is the bundle of nerves in vertebral column at the terminal end of the spinal cord.
A is a cluster of neurosomas outside the CNS.
Gray matter is composed of:
2 posterior horns
1 anterior horn
2 lateral horns
2 anterior horns
1 lateral horn
1 posterior horn
Gray matter has a dull color because it contains little amounts of .
What are sense organs specialized to monitor position and movement of body parts?
proprioceptors
chemoreceptors
baroreceptors
neuroreceptors
What signals are transmitted by the spinothalamic tract?
pain
pressure
temperature
tickle
itch
light touch
crude touch
kinesthesia
White matter consists of:
2 posterior columns
2 lateral columns
2 anterior columns
1 posterior column
1 lateral column
1 anterior column
The amygdala is associated with long term memory.
of the brain generates motor programming for planned speech and sends it to the primary motor cortex.
Functions of cerebellar peduncles:
aid in motor coordination
evaluates sensory input
evaluates complex language input
evaluates pitch differentiation
responsible for impulse control issues
The cerebellum cerebrum medulla pons corpus callosum( cerebellum, cerebrum, medulla, pons, corpus callosum ) allows for learning motor skills.
The structures of the brainstem include:
diencephalon
midbrain
medulla
pons
corpus callosum
CSF contains more Na and Cl, less K, Ca and glucose than plasma and little protein.
The hippocampus amygdala hypothalamus( hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus ) is the memory forming center. It teaches the cortex through repetition called memory consolidation.
The hypothalamus is a major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system. It plays a major role in nearly all homeostatic regulation
The diencephalon hippocampus reticular formation( diencephalon, hippocampus, reticular formation ) contains the hypothalamus, thalamus, and epithalamus.
The relays inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei preventing unwanted movement. Neuron damage here leads to Parkinson's Disease.
The adrenal cortex secretes:
steroids
glucagon
adrenalin
pheromones
Preganglionic neurons synapse in the medulla oblongata.
The PNS effects blood vessels.
The ANS is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Muscarinic receptors are located on:
glands
smooth muscle cells
cardiac muscle cells
lymph nodes
Stress on SNS dilates vessels in the skeletal muscles and heart.
SNS function is rest and digest.
ANS control is generally voluntary.
Where is the cell body/soma of a preganglionic neuron?
spinal cord
brain stem
ganglion
Where is the cell body/soma of a postganglionic neuron?
Accessory structures of the orbit consist of:
eyebrows
eyelids
conjunctiva
blepharon
The auditory receptors of the spiral organ are neurons.
Each semicircular duct ends in an ampulla emmetropia saccule( ampulla, emmetropia, saccule ).
Which is not an auditory ossicle?
malleus
incus
stapes
malleolus
The Fovea Centralis is the center of the macula.
Exteroreceptors detect external stimuli ex. vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch.
Extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by the , and .
Interoreceptors detect internal stimuli.
How many muscles insert on the eyeball?
2
4
6
8
The largest neurons in retina are ganglion cells rods and cones( ganglion cells, rods and cones ).
Where is the macula lutea located?
on the superior portion of the retina
on the center of the retina
on the lateral edge of the retina
on the inferior portion of the retina
The is the area in the back of the eye where nerve fibers from the retina converge and exit the eye to form optic nerve.
Rods need full light for color vision.
Which is not a tunic of the eyeball?
fibrous
vascular
neural
scleral
Taste cells are neurons.
The conjunctiva does not cover what part of the eye?
cornea
pupil
lens
The the retina cornea pupil( retina, cornea, pupil ) attaches to the optic disc and ora serrata.
The anterior chamber is between the cornea and iris.
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