what is a primary alcohol?

what is a secondary alcohol?

what is a tertiary alcohol?

chemical test to show a substance contains a phenol group

what is the molecular ion peak?

describe how you would carry out thin layer chromatography

catalyst and conditions used to convert carboxylic acid and alcohol into an ester

explain the following order of acidity
alcohol < phenol < carboxylic acid

why add concentrated sulphuric acid in order to form an ester?

why heat under reflux?

what do you add to solution to convert a carboxylate salt to its respective acid?

suggest a method of obtaining a pure sample from a mixture

reasons to use a carboxylate salt rather than a carboxylic acid (for medicines)

colour change with iron (III) chloride in neutral solution test

key points for vacuum filtration

tests medicines need to undergo to be acceptable as a safe medicine

reasons why chemists may want to modify the structure of a molecule

why may chemists want to find synthetic replacements for some natural fibres?

explain the meaning of condensation

explain in terms of intermolecular forces of attraction why nylon has a high tensile strength

advantages of burning to dispose of plastics

advantages of burying to dispose of plastics

conditions for hydrolysis

explain the meaning of the term condensation polymer

methods to re-use waste plastics to save natural resources

how could you determine if a sample of a substance is pure?

explain why cold drawing increases the tensile strength of a polymer

useful properties of Kevlar that arise from its structure

explain the process of recrystallisation

what feature makes a carbon atom chiral?

how could you tell from a graph that a reaction is first order with respect to a substrate?

what is meant by the primary structure of a protein?

describe the chemical structure off DNA

what is meant by the term 'heat under reflux'

what information can be obtained from n.m.r spectra?

explain how enzymes can form ionic bonds with substrates

explain what the term 'coordination number' means

explain why [Fe(C2O4)3]3- ions appear green in aqueous solution

outline the steps in performing a titration reaction starting with a weighed sample of lawnsand and a standard solution of aqueous potassium manganate (VII)

why can edta4- act as a hexadentate ligand?

how would you determine the concentration of ions in a sample using colorimetry?

when excess dilute aqueous ammonia is added to Cu(OH)2 what happens? what complex is formed?

write an equation to show the reaction of magnesium with sulphur. What type of reaction is this?

what is the problem with having a too high concentration of phosphorous when making steel?

why is it necessary to reduce the percentage of carbon in molten iron in order to make steel?

what is a problem associated with carbon monoxide?

write an equation to show the reaction of silicon with oxygen

write an equation to show the reaction of silicon oxide with calcium oxide to form a slag

explain how painting helps to prevent a car from rusting

stainless steel contains chromium. suggest how the presence of chromium prevents the formation of rust