Topic Nutrition II

The Circulatory System is responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire body. It delivers nutrients, water, and oxygen to your billions of body cells and carries away wastes such as carbon dioxide that body cells produce.

The circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away from and towards the heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart.
At the centre of this system is the heart. The heart is located in the centre of the chest slightly to the left. Its job is to pump blood and keep the blood moving throughout the body.

BLOOD
What is blood?
Blood is a liquid substance in our body that reaches all the body cells.
What is the blood made up of?
Blood is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
Plasma: it is yellow liquid. 90% is water. It carries nutrients and waste products.
Red blood cells: they give blood its colour. They carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
White blood cells: they fight infection.
Platelets: they join together and help stop the bleeding when the body is losing blood because of a cut in the skin.

PARTS HEART

HEART
What is it?
It is a hollow muscle which pumps blood through the body.
It usually beats between 60 and 100 times per minute, but if we do exercise, our body needs more oxygen, so our heart beats faster.
How is it?
It is made up of four chambers inside a thick muscular wall:
two atria (at the top) and
two ventricles (at the bottom).
The atria and the ventricles are separated by valves which prevent blood from flowing backwards.

BLOOD VESSELS
How is the blood transported?
Blood is transported through three types of blood vessels.
ARTERIES: they carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
VEINS: they carry blood from the body to the heart.
CAPILLARIES: they are tiny blood vessels which connect the arteries and the veins. Gases and nutrients can pass through them to the cells.

PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Pulmonary circulation carries DEOXYGENATED blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
The blood flows from the heart to the rest of the body and back again.

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THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

WHAT IS EXCRETION?
Excretion is the elimination of waste products from the blood. Toxic substances need to be eliminated.
Excretion takes place in the excretory system, the respiratory system and the sweat glands.
Respiratory system is involved in both nutrition and excretion. It obtains the oxygen we need to live when we breathe in. When we breathe out, it gets rid of carbon dioxide, a waste substance produced in our body.

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The excretory system is also called the urinary system, because it is the system that produces and expels urine.
It produces about 1.4 litres of urine every day.
It consists of the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra.

SWEAT GLANDS
Our body eliminates waste products through the skin. Sweat glands are long, coiled tubes that are located inside the skin. Sweat is a mixture of water, waste products and minerals.
Sweat is secreted through pores in the skin to keep us cool. Then waste products are eliminated from our body through pores.
Our body constantly eliminates water through urine and sweat. In order to compensate for this loss, we should drink plenty of water. At least 1.5 litres of water a day, which is about 6 glasses.
Keeping our skin clean is also very important for a healthy excretory system.We must shower every day with warm water and mild soap. This will also help prevent skin infections.

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