What is a pseudogene?
genes that don't function or code anymore
gene that don't function but still code
Genes that still function but don't code
Genes that code and function
What is not found pseudogenes
failed duplication events
genes moved by transposition
Disabled genes
enable genes
What is a copy of DNA that has an intron or exon inserted somewhere else in the gene
Normal gene
non-processed pseudogene
Processed pseudogene
Unprocessed pseudogene
What is mRNA taken up transposable elements and placing it back in the genome
Normal genes
Non-processed pseudogenes
processed pseudogenes
Unprocessed pseudogenes
What is the name of the process whereby large segments in the parent cell are made into single segments due to catalytic reactions
Homologous recombination
Site-specific recombination
Transposition
Who discovered transposable elements?
Barbara McClintock
Sir David Bruce
Sir Elton John
Stansis Barthanin
What happens to corn kernel colour when the "C" gene is transposed by Ds
Stays the same
Purple
Clear= red
Clear=purple
When the ds interrupts the gene the protein is now produced
Why would you get a spotted kernel?
The corn immune cells are destroying the TE
The mutant ds is transposed out of the gene causing the gene to return to normal
Ds starts to fade
Ds starts to become inactive
How does the mutant ds TE arise?
Rearrangement of C gene
Rearrangement of Ac gene
exactly the same as C gene
exactly the same as Ac gene
When are Ac/ds transposed mostly?
Chromosome replication
When chromosomes are methylated
When chromosomes are demethylated
What two things do you always find at the end of a transposable element?
inverted repeated
No repeats
direct repeats
Which TE mechanism cuts and pastes gene into another place?
Simple transposition
Replicative transposition
retrotransposition
In which organism is simple transposition commom?
bacteria and eukaryotic species
only bacteria
only eukaryotic cells
Protozoa
Which transposition is only copy and pastes the DNA therefore two of the same DNA is found on the same gene
Simple
replicative
retro
Which transposition mechanism uses reverse transcriptase to place mRNA back into gene
simple
Where are direct repeats mostly found?
within the host's DNA
at the end of most TE's
What can insertion sequences central regions do?
encodes for transposase enzyme
encodes for inhibitory proteins
encodes for regulatory proteins
transposase recognises direct repeats
What is the function of the transposase enzyme?
Cut between the borders of the transposon and gDNA
Cut between the borders of the direct and indirect repeats
Cut in the middle of the transposon
To catalyse the incorporation of the transposable element into the DNA
What is the function of composite transposons?
Contain additional genes that are not necessary for the transposition
Contain additional genes that are necessary for the transposition
Which transposition type cause antibiotic resistance
composite transpostion
replicative transposition
Which mechanism uses resolvase gene
Composite mechanism
What is the function of resolvase?
seperates cointergrant DNA into seperate structures that both have the TE
seperates structures into cointergrant DNA that both have the TE
combines cointergrant DNA into seperate structures that both have the TE
combines structures into cointergrant DNA that both have the TE
What do viral like retroelements have at both ends of the TE?
Long Terminal repeats
Short Terminal repeats
Direct Repeats
Inverted repeats
TE's are easily incorporated into methylated DNA
Where do the TE's usually found? 2
Centromeres
Telomeres
Nowhere specific
X chromosome
How is are LINE's produced?
Reverse transcriptase encoding region
forward transcriptase encoding region
How are LINE cDNA produced
Reverse Transcriptase encoding region
Forward Transcriptase encoding region
