Everything psychological is simultaneously. . .
cultural
social
biological
Biological psychologists study the links between our behaviors and our biology.
are nerve cells; the basic building blocks of the nervous system.
What are neuron extensions that pass messages through their branches?
dendrite
axon
neuron
What are a neuron's often bushy, branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses toward the cell body?
Action potential is a dendrite activation, a long electrical charge that travels upwards to the brain. Ions are not exchanged.
The absolute threshold is the smallest level of stimulus that can be detected, usually defined as at least half the time.
The is the tiny gap at the junction of a synapse on the synaptic cleft.
What is a neurotransmitter and what is its function?
A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.
A neurotransmitter is a biological messenger that follows the nervous system up to the brain. When it is released by the sending neuron neurotransmitters it binds to the brain and becomes inactive, disallowing any neurons to general a neural impulse.
Acetylcholine (Ach) play a role in action and skill; it is a messenger between motor neurons and skeletal muscles.
Endorphins are naturally occurring opiates produced in the brain.
The (CNS) includes the brain--neural networks, neuron work groups clusters--and the spinal cord. It is a two-way system of ascending and descending neural fibers and reflexes: spinal reflex and pathway and pain reflex. The (PNS) involves sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body; it has a somatic system and an autonomic system.
The PNS consists of the autonomic and somatic nervous system. What are these?
The AUTONOMIC nervous system enables voluntary skeletal muscle control.
The SOMATIC nervous system enables voluntary skeletal muscle control.
The AUTONOMIC nervous system controls glands and internal organs--it has a sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
The SOMATIC nervous system controls glands and internal organs--it has a sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
What nervous system arouses and expends energy by putting the body into "fight or flight" mode?
parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
Which nervous system calms the body by causing it to go into "rest and digest" mode?
The endocrine system respiratory system skeletal system( endocrine system, respiratory system, skeletal system ) is the slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secret hormones into the bloodstream.
What is the oldest region of the brain? What is the little brain?
corpus callosum; hippocampus
cerebellum; brainstem
brainstem; cerebellum
hippocampus; corpus callosum
The brainstem is the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; it is responsible for automatic survival functions.
The cerebellum is considered the oldest region of the brain, and is at the brainstem rear; it processes sensory input, coordinates voluntary muscle movement output and balance, and enables nonverbal learning and memory.
What are hormones?
Chemical components that asexually produce and travel through the bloodstream to inhibit tissue production.
Chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, they travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues.
Chemical transmitters that are created by the nervous system, they travel through the bloodstream and affect the brain.
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?
frontal, perietal, occipital, temporal
perietal, hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem
frontal, occipital, hippocampus, cerebellum
frontal, perietal, occipital, temporary
Where are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex located?
Frontal - just behind the forehead; Parietal - top of the head and toward the rear; Occipital - back of the head; Temporal - roughly above the ears
Frontal - top of the head and toward the rear; Perietal - back of the head; Occipital - roughly above the ears; Temporal - just behind the forehead
Frontal - roughly above the ears; Parietal - top of the head and toward the rear; Occipital - just behind the forehead; Temporal - back of the head
What are the functions of the Frontal and Parietal lobes?
The frontal lobes are involved in memory and learned skills. The parietal lobes are involved in the function of the brain and the ability to speak.
The frontal lobes receive sensory input for touch and body positions. The parietal lobes are involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.
The frontal lobes are involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements. The parietal lobes receive sensory input for touch and body positions.
What are the functions of the occipital and temporal lobes?
The occipital lobes receive information from the visual fields. Temporal lobes cover the auditory areas, each of which receives information primarily from the opposite ear.
The occipital lobes cover the auditory areas, each of which receives information primarily from the opposite ear. Temporal lobes receive information from the visual fields.
is the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
The corpus callosum is a large band of neural fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres. The hemisphere gives rational goal-related orders (math tasks, language control, quick, literal interpretations); the hemisphere gives conflicting demands (increased activity with perceptual tasks, modulates speech, allows for making inferences, organizes self-awareness).
Memory is the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
What is the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system?
sensory memory
short term memory
long term memory
What is the activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten?
What is the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; which includes knowledge, skills, and experiences?
The two types of sensory memory are --picture image memory of visual stimuli lasting no more than a tenth of a second; and --sound memory of auditory stimuli that can be recalled for 3 - 4 seconds.
What is the process of getting information into the memory system?
Storage
Retrieval
Encoding
What is the process of retaining encoded information over time?
What is the process of getting information out of memory storage?
What is automatic processing? What part of the brain processes it?
It includes implicit memories (space, time, frequency, motor, and cognitive skills). Processed in the cerebellum and basal ganglia.
It includes explicit memories (semantic memory--facts and general knowledge; episodic memory--personally experienced events). Processed in the hippocampus and frontal lobes.
What is effortful processing? What part of the brain processes it?
Using the SQ3R method is a good way to enhance your memory.
amnesia is the inability to form new memories. amnesia is the inability to retrieve information from one's past.
Filtering, altering, losing memory (encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, retroactive interference, motivated forgetting, memory construction errors, misinformation, and imagination effects) ONLY happen to older people.
What is declarative memory? How is it encoded, and what part of the brain is it associated with?
It is implicit memory, retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection. Encoded through automatic processing, without our awareness. Associated with the basal ganglia and the cerebellum.
It is explicit memory, memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously declare. Encoded through effortful processing. Associated with the frontal lobes and hippocampus.
What is nondeclarative memory? How is it encoded, and what part of the brain is it associated with?
